Incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the Capitalist World-Economy, 1750-1839 :: History Economics Ottoman Empire Essays

Incorporation of the tuffet Empire into the Capitalist World-Economy, 1750-1839In 1977, Immanuel Wallerstein proposed a research agenda to answer the question When and by what process did the Ottoman Empire become incorporated into the capitalist world-economy? He also asked whether internalization was a single event or a serial of events for the different regions of the Empire--Rumelia, Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. He suggested the answer be sought in Ottoman production processes and trade patterns between 1550 and 1850.By 1980, Wallerstein had answered his own question. When the European base of the capitalist world-economy began to develop its boundaries in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire remained outside the system. Between 1750 and 1839, the process of incorporation into the capitalist world-economy was complete and the Ottoman Empire had been peripheralized. Wallerstein did not chin wagging whether incorporation was a single event or a series of events.In this paper , I argue that current scholarship fails to support Wallersteins version of incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the capitalist world-economy. I examine Wallersteins arguments and critique his discussion based on my own interpretation of recent work by Ottoman and Balkan historians pertaining to Rumelia (Southeastern Europe).According to Wallerstein, a world-economy is a single social economy containing multiple state or political structures that operates on the basis of a capitalist flair of production and in which ceaseless accumulation of capital guides the system. Wallerstein recently added the word ceaseless (his italics) to his definition in order to distinguish his paradigm of the capitalist world-economy with its origins in the sixteenth century from other(a) paradigms that trace the origins to earlier points in history.The capitalist world-economy comprises a core, a periphery, and a semiperiphery. Nation-states reach the core by successfully exploiting other geograph ic areas in the periphery. The semiperiphery forms a buffer zone, where geographic areas can move up into the core or down into the periphery. Geographic areas outside the world-economy are relegated to the orthogonal arena. They are eventually and inevitably incorporated into the system, however.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy For Bulimia Nervosa Essay -- Eating Disor

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy For Bulimia Nervosa INTRODUCTION Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating as well as by self-induced vomiting and/or laxative abuse (Mitchell, 1986). Episodes of overeating typically alternate with attempts to diet, although the eating habits of bulimics and their methods of weight control vary (Fairburn et al., 1986). The majority of bulimics have a body weight indoors the normal range for their height, build, and age, and yet possess intense and prominent concerns about their shape and weight (Fairburn et al., 1986). Individuals with binge-eating syndrome nervosa are aware that they have an eating problem, and whence are often eager to receive help. The most common get along to treating bulimia nervosa has been with cognitive- demeanoral therapy. What is cognitive-behavioral Therapy? Cognitive-behavioral treatment of bulimia regards individuals attitudes toward their shape and weight as central to maintaining the disorder. This approach seeks to change individuals dysfunctional attitudes in order to facilitate recovery. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for bulimia is a combination of behavioral techniques and aspects of cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy (CT) is founded upon the underlying rationale that an individuals affect and behavior are largely determined by the way he/she structures the world (Beck, 1979). The individuals cognitions are based upon attitudes or assumptions that have been developed from previous experiences. Therapeutic techniques of CT treatment are designed to identify, reality-test, and correct distorted conceptualizations and dysfunctional beliefs which underlie the individuals cognitions (Beck, 1979). Therefore CT views an individual... ...er characteristics predict outcome in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. external Journal of Eating Disorders. 13(4)349-357. Thackwray, D., Smith, M., Bodfish, J. & Meyers, A. (1993). A comparison of behavioral and cognitive-behaviora l interventions for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 61(4)639-645. Treasure, J., Schmidt, U., Troop, N., Tiller, J., Todd, G., Keilen, M., & Dodge, E. (1994). First step in managing bulimia nervosa controlled trial of therapeutic manual. BMJ. 308686-689. Waller, D., Fairburn, C., McPherson, A., Kay, R., Lee, A., & Nowell, T. (1996). Treating bulimia in primary care a pilot study. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 19(1)99-103. Wilson, G., & Fairburn, C. (1993). Cognitive treatments for eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 61(2)261-269.

The Whole Towns Sleeping and Terribly Strange Bed Essay -- English Li

The whole Towns Sleeping and Terribly Strange BedIn this essay I will be comparing two (2) short stories The WholeTowns sleeping by Ray Bradbury (1950) and A Terribly Strange Bedby Wilkie Collins (1856). Both stories argon more or less fear and they make usfeel fear or are supposed to they make the reader scared orfrightened. Both stories have the resembling purpose, which is so scare thereader. I am going to compare the way Ray Bradbury and Wilkie Collinscreate tension, suspense, mood and tone.In the first few lines of The Whole Towns Sleeping, the authordescribes the setting for the story, the little town was deep faraway from everything, kept to itself by a river and a forest and aravine, only when originally that he mentions that it is nighttime. Bothstories are set at nighttime. This is because if it were set in thedaytime it simply wouldnt be scary. The whole town wouldnt besleeping and the teller wouldnt need a terribly strange bed tosleep in. Collins has a different ap proach for the beginning of ATerribly Strange Bed, he describes the characters and what they weredoing, which gives a different impression of the story, it doesntseem like a scary story at first, because theres no obvious signslike in The Whole Towns Sleeping.Ray Bradbury uses deviation to create interest to the story In thedowntown drugstore, fans whispered in the high ceiling air He alsouse metaphors and similes such as There were two moons a clock moonwith four faces while A Terribly Strange Bed doesnt have anyrecreation, metaphors or similes in its opening but still manages tomaintain interest.Mood and tone are very important in both stories. Using certainadjectives, like warm summer n... ...appens next. In Collins story, youare told what happens next, and you finish the story quite pleased,like the narrator would be, instead of still scared like you are inthe other story.Both stories are similar and different the authors use differentmethods to make the reader scared. The sto ries have some similaritiesand others have differences. Ray Bradbury describes the scenerywhereas Wilkie Collins describes the characters. Setting seems to beto a greater extent important in The Whole Towns Sleeping than it is in Collinsstory and tension and suspense is used very differently in the bothstories, Bradbury uses a sharp jerking and then a steady buildup, then afalse relief before a final cliffhanger and Collins uses a strangebuildup to what seems like somewhat of an anti-climax and then reestablishes the tension, for a gentle relief and a settled ending.

The Death of Socrates :: Ancient Greece Greek History

The Death of SocratesCrito, you and other the great unwashed who claimed to be friends to Socrates are all useless How could you have been so dire, or lazy, or stingy, as to allow you friend to die? Surely, with a little courage, energy, and money, you could have saved him.Those are strong accusations coming from someone who obviously did non know Socrates as well as his other students or me. Although, I expected that raft would react this way to my actions, or lack of actions, regarding Socrates death.For Socrates, being put to death was the only option available to him. Of course we, his friends, could have helped him to escape, but what would that prove? It would only go against everything that Socrates has taught us. It would also defy everything that Socrates stood for in life. Escaping punishment, would have been an unjust and cowardly act for him. Disobeying the law would set a bad example for his fellow citizens. In addition, it would conk out his reputation for being j ust and following the laws of the administration. Socrates believed that, although he was wrongfully accused, he was given a fair trial through the eyes of the law. The fact that he was given a fair trial means that he was given a fair punishment. If this punishment is not carried out, justice will not be served. Escaping punishment would cause a conflict between his teachings and his actions. This would annul the moral reputation that Socrates had built for himself throughout his life. The question he would have asked himself would have been, What genial of example would I be setting if I disgrace my own teachings? He saw his punishment as a contract between he and the government, and he firmly believed that agreements should not be broken. This is the same government that allowed him to live life as he chose, so why harm an institution that benefited him?The Death of Socrates Ancient Greece Greek HistoryThe Death of SocratesCrito, you and other people who claimed to be frie nds to Socrates are all useless How could you have been so cowardly, or lazy, or stingy, as to allow you friend to die? Surely, with a little courage, energy, and money, you could have saved him.Those are strong accusations coming from someone who obviously did not know Socrates as well as his other students or me. Although, I expected that people would react this way to my actions, or lack of actions, regarding Socrates death.For Socrates, being executed was the only option available to him. Of course we, his friends, could have helped him to escape, but what would that prove? It would only go against everything that Socrates has taught us. It would also defy everything that Socrates stood for in life. Escaping punishment, would have been an unjust and cowardly act for him. Disobeying the law would set a bad example for his fellow citizens. In addition, it would ruin his reputation for being just and following the laws of the government. Socrates believed that, although he was wron gfully accused, he was given a fair trial through the eyes of the law. The fact that he was given a fair trial means that he was given a fair punishment. If this punishment is not carried out, justice will not be served. Escaping punishment would cause a conflict between his teachings and his actions. This would eradicate the moral reputation that Socrates had built for himself throughout his life. The question he would have asked himself would have been, What kind of example would I be setting if I dishonored my own teachings? He saw his punishment as a contract between he and the government, and he firmly believed that agreements should not be broken. This is the same government that allowed him to live life as he chose, so why harm an institution that benefited him?

Blocking & Filtering Essay -- essays research papers

"Any content-based regulation of the cyberspace, no matter how benign the purpose, could burn the global village to roast the pig."U.S. overbearing Court majority decision, Reno v. ACLU (June 26, 1997) Blocking and filtering parcel for the Internet is one of the most hotly debated topics regarding free speech and the Internet. Many have criticized breaking software for universe both under and over inclusive, and others have argued that stop software should not be used at all in public institutions such as libraries and schools. On the other side, supporters of stoppage software claim that is a legitimate method to regulate addition to "inappropriate" material on the Internet, especially access for minors. But, before we begin to look at these debates directly, we have to examine how the different types of blocking software available work. Nearly all blocking software contains some(prenominal) blows that enable the user to customize it for their particular pr eferences. Users can set the particular levels and/or categories they want the software to screen. So, for example, a user could instruct his browser to block all nudity and sex acts, but still allow sex education and intolerance, while another users could do the opposite. Another common feature is the efficacy to unblock particular web sites when they are blocked. So, if a user was attempting to access the CNN web site, and it was blocked because it contained, for example, the Starr report, the user could unblock it. A final common feature of most blocking software is that it can be constructioned on and off for particular users on a particular machine, so that parents can turn the software on when their children are using the computer, but allow themselves unlimited access. Blocking software works in several major ways blocking by word, blocking particular sites, blocking all sites except those on a "white list," and blocking by preset ratings.Most of the first blocking software worked by blocking words the software would scan web sites for certain, unacceptable words such as "breast" or "sex." This type of software was often ridiculed, because it is ridiculously over broad, for example blocking sites on breast cancer or news sites ab aside the President. In addition, this type of blocking has the injustice of not being able to scan pictures for unacceptable m... ...ts computers. Representative Bob Franks of New Jersey introduced a similar bill in the House, dubbed the "Safe Schools Internet Act of 1999".In addition, the constitutionality of library filters has been, and continues to be, litigated in several cases. All cases decided to this point have declared mandatory filters on all library computers to be unconstitutional.Many argue that the PICS system is the best way to provide for parental empowerment in order to manage their childrens internet use. These people point out that, at least for now, the PICS system is vo luntary and that third parties can rate sites. The rating systems used in conjunction with PICS establish a uniform beat that parents can rely on, instead of the opinions of software companies list makers. The purpose behind Internet filters is to provide parents, educators and other with an effective tool to protect minors from insidious material through their computers. At first blush they appear to be a uncomplicated technological fix to the problem of indecency on the Internet. However, this simple solution has touched off a firestorm of controversy, which show no signs of cooling off in the near future.

Blocking & Filtering Essay -- essays research papers

"Any content-based regulation of the Internet, no matter how benign the purpose, could throw a fit the global village to roast the pig."U.S. Supreme Court majority decision, Reno v. ACLU (June 26, 1997) Blocking and filtering software for the Internet is one of the most hotly debated topics regarding free speech and the Internet. many an(prenominal) have criticized blocking software for being both under and over inclusive, and others have argued that blocking software should not be used at every last(predicate) in public institutions such as libraries and schools. On the other side, supporters of blocking software claim that is a legitimate method to regulate access to " foreign" material on the Internet, especially access for minors. But, before we begin to look at these debates directly, we have to examine how the different types of blocking software available work. some all blocking software contains several features that enable the user to customize it for th eir particular preferences. Users can set the particular levels and/or categories they want the software to screen. So, for example, a user could instruct his browser to block all nudity and sex acts, but still allow sex education and intolerance, while another users could do the opposite. Another common feature is the ability to thaw particular web sites when they are blocked. So, if a user was attempting to access the CNN web site, and it was blocked because it contained, for example, the Starr report, the user could unblock it. A final common feature of most blocking software is that it can be turned on and off for particular users on a particular machine, so that parents can turn the software on when their children are using the computer, but allow themselves unlimited access. Blocking software works in several major ways blocking by word, blocking particular sites, blocking all sites except those on a "white list," and blocking by preset ratings.Most of the first block ing software worked by blocking words the software would scan web sites for certain, unacceptable words such as "breast" or "sex." This type of software was often ridiculed, because it is ridiculously over broad, for example blocking sites on breast cancer or news sites about(predicate) the President. In addition, this type of blocking has the disadvantage of not being able to scan pictures for unacceptable m... ...ts computers. Representative Bob Franks of New Jersey introduced a uniform bill in the House, dubbed the "Safe Schools Internet Act of 1999".In addition, the constitutionality of library filters has been, and continues to be, litigated in several cases. All cases decided to this point have declared needful filters on all library computers to be unconstitutional.Many argue that the PICS system is the best way to provide for parental empowerment in order to draw off their childrens internet use. These people point out that, at least for now, the PICS system is voluntary and that third parties can rate sites. The rating systems used in concurrency with PICS establish a uniform standard that parents can rely on, instead of the opinions of software companies list makers. The purpose behind Internet filters is to provide parents, educators and other with an strong tool to protect minors from harmful material through their computers. At first blush they appear to be a simple technological place to the problem of indecency on the Internet. However, this simple solution has touched off a firestorm of controversy, which show no signs of cooling off in the near future.

Book Report on How Soon Can I Leave

At first, escape Bartlett shrank from the hints and persuasions for the reason of not wanting to chuck out hope by retreating into a life only with another woman at the age of forty. However, she eventually decided to live with Miss Restrooms with the thought of doing the last mentioned some good instead of needing someplace warmer and someone to take c be of. As time went by, Miss Bartlett ran a larger business concern with the help of miss Restrooms. Nevertheless, the more well-kept the home Is, the more unsatisfied she felt. But they still lived a happy life until one day Angela, MissRaccoons niece came for a visit. This visit dramatically provoked the awareness of Miss Bartlett s dep reverseence upon Miss Restrooms and made her regret missing so many opportunities possible. and so she moved back. Only to face the damp and cold cottage. And with no ones help any longer, she had to do all the chores Just like a At the end of the story, Miss Bartlett returned the bungalow. She grown woman. Came to know her folly but It was too late. From my point of view. The story turned out to be a tragedy. I experience strongly sympathetic towards Miss Bartlett.As we know, he lost her mother early, so the family background can be blamed for her incapacity. In comparison, Miss Restrooms is the only miss in a nine-child family. No wonder she can look after the home very well. Moreover, it is quite pathetic for Miss Bartlett to think that she had been set as a pet plaything. Actually, the seven years living with MISS Bartlett made MISS Restrooms truly appreciate her talents. In other words, MISS Restrooms Is not only helping her, but also finding some meaning In life, a real active life. Last but not the least, the story reminds me of the relationship between parents and children.Take Miss Restrooms as an example, we can simply regard her as an epitome of many parents, or many mothers, more specifically. Mothers are often considerate, concerning a lot over their child ren, providing food and clothes, trying their best to take divvy up of all stuff beforehand. Only they can still care about the children even If the children misunderstand them and go away. Back to the story, isnt it great for Miss Restrooms to play a role only as a friend of Miss Bartlett but act like her mother? The death of Miss Restrooms must be caused by the heartbreak of loneliness and lack of sense of purpose.To compose it in a nutshell, my understanding of this story can be summarized as a tragedy of improper love. All realization Is too late for both the motherly one and the childlike one. Objectively, parents should love their children In a reasonable way, not by totaling on teen Walt all things prepared. I nee matter to teach CNN learn now to level an independent life instead of offering all they want. In the other way round, as a child, he should not take everything for granted. And when he comes to a career, Just learn to deal with it without parents help. Besides, n ever let parents down.

The Technology Trends

Coursework Questions to Alan I. Taub, Automotive Materials Technology Trends and Challenges in the 21st Century, MRS Bulletin, Volume 31, April 2006, 336-343 Read this article and solve the following questions on its basis 1. What is the percentage of automotive vehicles that are powered by petroleum products? 2a. When did the area end where automobiles were a cost + margin = bell business? 2b. Into what did this equation change to? 3. What is the primary challenge in improving automotive actuation systems? . What higher degree does Alan I. Taub hold? 5. Define the concept of mechatronics in one sentence. (Direct quotes are OK. ) 6. Who has been the largest user of nanomaterials in the world for the past five years? 7. What are the two major advantages of the hybrid gasoline/electric propulsion technology? 8. What is an OEM? 9. Why are fuel cell propelled cars called zero-emission vehicles? 10. What kind of technology is expected to avoid crashes in the future? 11.What are the two challenges that arise as soon as fuel cells are reduced to a manageable size and weight? 12. How much more efficiency (in percent) can be squeezed pop of the gasoline engine? 13. Approximately, how many micro work outors are in current high-end cars from General Motors? 14. By how much (in percent) needs the vehicle mass to be reduced in order to improve the fuel economy by 6%? 15. What seems to be the best solution for the hydrogen storage challenges? 16. Roughly, how much of the mark in presently produced vehicles is of high strength? 7. By how much (in percent) did the automotive industry reduce the weight of its vehicles over the past 30 years? 18. Which two light-weight metals replace steel in currently produced cars? 19. What are the amounts of money that manufactures are typically allowed to spend on parts in the automotive industry, the aerospace industry and on satellites? 20. What is the principle process of a fuel cell (not more than two sentences please since I ask fo r the principle not the many details)

An Indivisible Peace

It is very inevitable that somewhatwhere in our lives, we thrust been touched by a specific dumbfound called companionship. That special bond might happen in the most unusual time and place. It might plane be connected not unspoiled with love, exactly also with envy and selfishness.A Separate Peace is a timeless novel which depicts a narrative of two best friends named factor and Finny or Phineas who are two(prenominal) off from their homes to attend boarding school during domain of a function War II. Since both of them are experiencing the same hardships, pressures and turmoils that come with boarding school, they both create a extraordinary bond and help each other survive tough times. They help each other develop independence and courage while trapped in a boarding school thats full of distressing things.The plot revolves around Devon School which is said to be the most beautiful school in modern England because it helps its male students master both scholarly and athletic facets of their lives. Devon School is a boarding school which has an atmosphere of privileged students.The students who are accepted in Devon both possess class and money. It is very usual that a school is just a place for educational achieve workforcets and at the same time, personality growth. But Devon isnt just an ordinary institution for its a place wherein the boys get the hazard to be carefree without worrying about their reputations being ruined.The novel is set on World War II, a very crucial point for the boys because it is the time wherein theyll choose which certain military branch will they draught in. The boys arent sincerely forced to enlist in the military nevertheless during that time, being involved in the war is truly a great status symbol for it proves the courage of a man. both element and Finny possess contrasting personalities. cistron is a man who excels in his academic and on the other hand, Finny is excellent in sports. The state of being a dovish also lies in Finnys nature. Although Genes character isnt that bad, it is Finny who is well-adored by their teachers and schoolmates. He doesnt have enemies and a lot of people look up to him and want to be in his raiment for his extraordinary skills in sports. Gene is the type of man who runs rebellious things inside his head. When they both go to the beach, Finny told Gene that theyre now best pals but Gene doesnt act for a darkness in his content is already accummulating.He is doubtful of Finnys pure character. He believes that Finny is just showing his sincere side because he is deeply prehensile with him and his achievements and that he wants to sabotage him. Since Finny is not doing well academically, Gene doubts that Finny wants to destroy him academically by diverting his attention. With this in mind, Gene decides to get even with Finny. Gene even mentions that Finny could get away with anything. I couldnt help envying him that a little, which was perfectly norma l. There was no harm in envying even your best friend a little. (Knowles 18).But what Gene thought isnt harmful turns out to be a very critical situation. Genes grudge towards Finny is unbearable thats why while jumping on a tree during a summer day, he intentionally shook the tree which causes Finny to lose his balance and fall drastically.Although Finny already has a doubt that Gene intentionally did it, he never seriously thinks about it for he believes that his best friend mucklenot do it. Finnys leg become broken which disabled to him to play sports again. He somehow loses his self-assurance knowing the fact that he cannot engage himself with the one thing hes passionate with which is sports.He returns to Devon in crutches and in a pitiful state, but he never bears a grudge in his heart. Both he and Gene develops their bond more stronger. They willingly share each others skills. Gene tutors Finny in his academic subjects while Finny teaches Gene about the foundations, tactic s and techniques of sports.For a while, they forget about the war in which they are pressured to enlist to. Time comes wherein Gene is put in a jeer trial for someone suspects that hes the cause of Finnys injury. Finny then realizes that his best friend actually knocked him off the tree. Fifteen years later(prenominal), Finny knocked himself again off a marble stairway which causes his recovering leg to become worse again.Genes conscience undoubtedly bothers him so in the infirmary, he visits Finny and asks for forgiveness for the monstrous crime that he has committed. Finny unconditionally accepts his exculpation for forgiveness and assures him that nothing will change between them. Finny dies and although Gene is shocked about his death, he still continues to enlist in the Navy. Gene then realizes the chastening that he created out of his dark and jealous heart and decides to change his view of the foundation.The central focus of the heartwarming novel is to depict that each individual in the world is longing for his own separate wild pansy and will do anything to attain it. Each individual has his own way of achieving his separate peace. In Genes case, he attained his separate peace by knocking off Finny in the tree.Gene fears that his bestfriend will sabotage and betray him thats why he chooses to get even with him. Although he doesnt have a concrete evidence that Finny is really set to destroy him, he still continues his plan and thus, satisfying himself with Finnys downfall. Looking at Finnys case, his separate peace is to detach himself from the war and so he uses his excellence in sports to get away from the enlistment. The characters of the novel both have fears thats why they create their own vindication mechanisms to hide the truth that is driving their lives.During those times, the boys in Devon also act in conformity. They do things which they think would be acceptable with their friends. Instead of listening to what their hearts really wan t, they listen to what their friends must say about what is acceptable and what is not. Of all the schoolboys, Finny is the only one who enjoys his life using his own standards. His pleasant-hearted and genuine character sets him apart from his friends including Gene. Finny follows everything that his heart dictates and he always sees that the things that hes doing is a heartwarming reflection of his love for life.A Separate Peace is beautifully woven to show the evils that are lurking inside a humans heart. It depicts that a human has fears and insecurities which cause him to release his dark and flawed side. On the lighter side, it is truly humbling to know that not all humans are and then evil for there exist some whos love and light for life overpower the evil and greed of human hearts.Its clearly demonstrated in Finnys tale who has always been loving and pure. He forgives his best friend and shows him that its never too late to change and open up his heart to the world. Finny s sincere character was turn out when he said to Gene It was just some kind of blind impulse you had in the tree there . It wasnt anything you really felt against me, it wasnt some kind of hate youve felt all along. It wasnt anything personal.When Finny dies, Gene is left to realize how his conceit killed his best friend. Its a tough time for Gene but he later gives forgiveness to himself and moves on with his life using a sadder yet wiser perspective. He even recalls his best friend in a heartbeaking way During the time I was with him, Phineas created an atmosphere in which I continued now to live, a way of sizing up the world with erratic and entirely personal reservations, letting its granitic facts sift through and be accepted only a little at a time, only as much as he could steep without a sense of chaos and loss.No one else I have ever met could do this.When others began to feel that there was this overwhelmingly hostile thing in the world with them, then the simplicity an d unity of their characters broke and they were not the same again. (Knowles 194)A Separate Peace not only chronicles a tale of two best friends but it also has a historical context that lies beneath its story. It is known that the novel was first published in England in 1959, but it doesnt actually mean that the time of the novel is 1959. The novel focuses on the early 1940s wherein United States had proclaimed its elaboration in World War II. Aside from the countrys participation, World War II brought out enormoue valor and patriotism in each citizens heart.Even though some of them are not actually engaged in combat, each citizen felt When A Separate Peace was first published in the United States in 1960, the Korean War had been over for approximately seven years. Also at that time, the countrys participation in Vietnam War had not yet heightened to greater proportions. The United States made it compulsary for men to enroll in the military particularly the sketch which is the U. S.s role in Vietnam in the early 1960s.A small protest happened to diminish the compulsory participation but in the end, the young antiwar protesters were forced to respond by burning their draft notices.It was also in 1960s where the youngest president of United States, commode F. Kennedy, was elected. At the age of forty-three, he had defeated Vice President Richard M. Nixon. During Kenndys term, the population was hugely comprised of adolescents and by the time they have reached college, they greatly became a dominant part of American politics and culture. They have started to doubt and question the authority of their parents generation. In line with their scrutiny, they have also started to search their own meaning of identity which was also reflected in the novel through Genes search of his individuality.By the end of 1960s, A Separate Peace already praised by a wide array of conservative critics. The novel was praised in various ways. Some critics find the books antiwar senti ments very moving, accurate and timely while some deeply admire the books moral lessons especially the part wherein it showed that a sins redemption is still possible no matter how great a sin can be.A Separate Peace is not only hailed for its moving historical contexts, but also because itemulates several valuable themes such as war, rivalry, guilt and friendship. On a certain level, the novel emulates the war topic for it concentrates the huge impact World War II has created on the male adolescents.The novel focuses on the dificulty the young men are facing with their decisions about the war. Most of them are in the verge of deciding whether to enlist themselves in the war. Some of them are even preoccupied with the thoughts of their tentative acceptance on their desired military branch.The Word War II caused great implications on Genes generations especially the fact that most of their young teachers are away to do war-related jobs. Thus, most of the teachers left to instruct th em were men between the ages of fifty and seventy. Since a huge age discrepancy lies between them, the teachers cannot directly relate with the students mind. The students bond immediately intensified.It is also very evident that the existence of rivalry is very dominant in the novel. All the students in Devon do their best to fit in with the society their friends have created. If not trying to fit in, some of them are doing implicit things to get even with their friends. It is well portrayed in Gene and Finnys frienship wherein Gene does his best to exceed Finny.Guilt is also a very domineering theme in the novel. In the end, Gene realizes that hes living in his self-contained world which is modify with hatred and disgust for others particulary his best friend Finny.Of the mentioned themes, friendship stands out most for it is the root of everything. It depicts that friendship doesnt just curtain all the good things, but underneath the relationship lies hidden desires and envy.Gen es experience with Finny depicts to the readers that harbouring false motives towards other people can lead to disastrous things. He also shows that it is impossible for an individual to create utter(a) peace in his heart until he confronts the evil in his heart and let the light shine through it.He realizes that wars were not made by generations and their special stupidities, but that wars were made instead by something ignorant in the human heart. Its a compelling fact that Gene is able to acknowledge that the real opposite lies within himself. He admits that his false attitude is the cause of the corruption of his entire character .The novel ends with the portrayal that separate peace can only be achieved when an individual learns how to fight his personal evils. Whats good in this tale is that it clearly demonstrates that no matter how impure a humans heart is, theres still a chance for him to change and put things in its right places.Works CitedBryant, Hallman Bell. A Separat e Peace The War Within. Twayne Publishers Boston, 1990.Knowles, John. A Separate Peace. Bantam Books New York, 1959.McDougal-Littell. Author Spotlight John Knowles. Available online at http//www.mcdougallittell.com/lit/guest/knowles/

Ansoff Matrix Essay

1 What are the four output growth strategies according to the Ansoff matrix? critically evaluate each of them with an appropriate example of each.Answer1(1) merchandise strategies for growth a useful way of looking at growth opportunities is offered by the Ansoff Matrix as it is a practical framework for thinking about how growth crumb be achieved through product schema. It comprises four general approaches to sales growth grocery shrewdness/expansion, product growth, market development and diversification. Market penetration and expansion are strategies relating to growing exiting products in existing markets. Market penetration depends on taking competitors customers or buying competitors (thereby increasing market share). Defense of increased penetration may be through discouraging competitive doorway. Market expansion may be through converting non-users to users or increasing usage rate. Although market share may not increase, sales growth is achieved through increasing market size.Product development is a strategy for developing new products for existing markets. It has lead variants extending existing product lines (brand extensions) to give current customers greater choice product rehabilitation (updates of old products) and innovation (developing fundamentally different products). Market development is a strategy for taking existing products and marketing them in new markets. This may be through the promotion of new uses of existing products to new customers, or the marketing of existing products to new market segments (e.g. overseas markets). Diversification (entry into new markets) is a strategy for developing new products for new markets. It is the most risky of the four growth strategies but excessively potentially the most rewarding. (2) For example market penetration (Cadbury Schweppes did by increasing expenditure by 87 percent over a four-year period) market expansion (Kelloggs has targeted lapsed breakfast cereal users who rediscove r the enjoyment of eating cornflakes when feeding their children) product development (the development of the compact disc is an example) market development (Andy Thornton Ltd., an interior design business, successfully increased sales by launching Scandinavia and Germany, two geographic segments that provided new expansion opportunities for its services.) diversification (Sonys resettlement into 8 mm camcorders)Answer2Ansoff Matrix ( can deal with new product)In order to increase sales volume, Ansoff matrix provides a framework, by combining present product and new product, present market and new market into 2*2 matrixes, which are market penetration or expansion, product development, market development and diversification.1. Existing product + existing market. The strategies for this matrix are market penetration or expansion. For penetration, the most basic way is to win competitors customers. This may be achieved by more effective use of promotion (compared with competitors) or distribution, or by cutting prices. Increasing promotional expenditure is another method of winning competitors customers, as Cadbury did by increasing expenditure by 87 per cent over a four-year period. Another way to win competitors customer is to buy competitors. The biggest advantage of this method is to capture customers immediately. Moreover, buying other rivals can also gain their limited resources and advanced skills and expertise.However, it also has its disadvantages, such as high cost of capital and risk. In addition, in order to protect gained penetration, a conjunction has to discourage new competitors to enter into market. Barriers can be created by cost advantages. For example, low labor cost. Highly differentiated products and high switching costs as well as displaying aggressive tendencies to retaliate play a role in repelling new entrants. As for expansion, there are two methods to gain sales. One is to convert non-user to user, another is to increase usage ra te. For example, carnation entered the powdered coffee whitening market with coffee mate, a key success reckon was its ability to persuade hitherto non-user of powdered whiteners to switch from milk.2. New product + existing market. The strategy for this category is product development. It can be achieved by three ways. The first way is innovation. Both extend existing product lines for giving customers more choices and add new feature to trigger the trading up can increase sale volume. The second way is product replacement, which involves the replacement of old brands/ good examples with new one. This is common in car industry and often involves an upgrading of the old model with a new replacement. The final oneis replacement of an old product with a fundamentally different one, often based on technology change. The development of CD is an example.3 Existing product + new market. The strategy is market development, which entail promotions of existing product to a new market, or ex isting product to a new segment. For instance, nylon is marketed as a replacement of silk, but expanded into shirt, carpet and so on. For new segment, Andy Thornton Ltd. Successfully increased sales by entering Scandinavia and Germany, two geographic segments that provided new expansion opportunities for its services.4 New product + new market. The strategy for it is entering into new markets (diversification). This is the most risky option, especially when the entry strategy is not based on the core competences. However, it can also be the most rewarding, as exemplified by Hondas move from motorcycles to cars and Sonys move into 8mm camcorders.

Professional relationships with children Essay

1.1 make how to establish regardful, professional bloods with s affirmrren any unfledged dealTo establish and maintain a respectful and professional birth with children and childly multitude in wadting the Teaching assistant essentialiness always put the children first, never appear bored or uninterested, always raise children and never make them disembodied spirit like they start said something silly as this may make them reluctant to join in class backchat or turn to the teaching assistant for friend.Body wording is very central, if a child senses anger or unrest this may make the child non want to approach the TA with any problems or concerns they may have. The TA moldiness always maintain eye contact and be gracious and approachable they must also remember to drop short and clear instructions to the children as they post only process it a bit at a time. If the TA has children or friends children within the school they must not discuss any child with any par gonnt and their friends must be made aware that if they require any learning on their child they must speak directly to the teacher.1.2 Describe with examples how to behave appropriately for a child or young persons stage of festering Children and young concourse are still developing their language skills so it is serious that the TA occasions the correct terminology when in the classroom, in the key stage one they are learning phonics and it is important that the TA pulmonary tuberculosiss the same pronunciation as the teachers as this pass on confuse the children. The TA must never use inappropriate language i.e. swearing or slang nomenclature as this is not setting a good example to the children. When in setting the TA must dress appropriately no low cut tops. This washstand be very distracting. The TA must give the children their full attentions and not be distracted as they will pick up on this and it can match negatively on the children and they will be reluctant to be involved with the TA. The TA needs to set a good example and be a good role model.1.3 Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young hoi polloi Children and young people often have disagreements and fall out amongst themselves due to differences of aspect or personality clashes, it is important to stay calm and try to lenient the situation, make sure thatboth sides of the story are heard be bewitching and do not take sides. If the TA is unsure of anything thitherfore they must seek help from colleagues. 1.4 Describe how your own behaviour could Promote effective interactions with children and young people In setting body language is the first thing a child notices about the TA. Children can tell when there is something wrong. It can be off putting for a child if they are worrying whether they have upset the TA or not. If you are smiling they are smiling they can also tell when its not a genuine smile too, so never try to force one. -Impact negatively on i nteractions with children and young people Again a child can tell if you are genuinely in a good mood or not, if they are picking up on the TAs mood then it can impact hugely in a negative way as they might not want help form the TA and this could put them behind with their work and get them into trouble with the teacher.Adults2.1 Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with big(p)s In setting it is important to establish a good professional working relationship with adults weather it is a teacher or a parent. The TA needs to be respectful of other peoples views and opinions even if it differs from theirs. It is also important to be polite as the TA is not only to help the teachers but to set a good example to the children. 2.2 Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people If the children see a good working relationship between adults then they are more(prenominal) plausibly to give other children the same cou rtesy. If the child sees politeness and good manners they are more likely to do the same. If is important for the adults to set a good example to the children. Communicating with children, young people and adults in an educational environment is an important part of a professional relationship3.1 Describe how converse with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development When communicating with babies and toddlers parents often use baby language I.e. choo choo for train and woof woof for dogs but this will not help them later on when the time comes to go to school, as they grow the need to be taught the proper words for things as it will make it more difficult when they start school and it will confuse them. In early years at school they concentrate on phonics, numeracy andliteracy this helps them develop their language and mathematical skills and helps them for the rest of their school life. Each child has a different way of learning. The TA must be able to communicate with each child regardless of their learning abilities. Communication can differ among different ages and stages as the younger children may have difficulties such as speech problems which in older children this may have already been addressed.3.2 Describe the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people The difference between communicating with adults, children and young people are adults are able to process information much more quickly and effectively than lowly children and young people. When speaking to small children and young people you must use precise instructions so they understand what you want them to do. When speaking to adults sometimes we use sarcasm but small children and young people do not understand sarcasm and they may take it as the TA being nasty. sometimes we have to raise our voices to be heard or to get our point across but when dealing with children that is not always the b est way, if you want them to do something it is better to ask them calmly rather than shouting.3.3 Examples of communication difficulties Speech Hearing Language/different accents Disability Social Issues Emotional Issues insufficiency of stimulation Lack of concentration Lack of time Abuse/neglect Environment Religion Quiet/shy Autism3.4 Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs In everyday life there are communication difficulties and it is the same atschool, there can be language barriers or interview problems you just need to be able to adapt learning around there issues for example writing things down, written instruction or speaking bumper-to-bumper more clearly, misunderstandings happen more often than not when a child has misunderstood instruction, do not rush a child if they feel under pressure they are more likely to get it wrong. Also respect others views and opinions even if you do not agree.3.5 Describe how to deal with disagreements b etween The practitioner and children and young peopleIf there are disagreements between a child and a TA the TA must involve another member of staff who can remain objective and not take sides as with all disagreements both parties should be treated fairly. The TA must not shout and behave inappropriately as this does not set a good example. * The practitioner and other adultsIf there are disagreements in setting between the TA and another adult it is important to try and resolve the situation as quickly and as calmly as possible to maintain relationships, if there are unresolved issues then the school grievance policy should be followed. Underpinning communication and professional relationships is the principle of confidentiality 4.1 Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information The Data Protection act 1998 requires that information is Accurate and relevant Kept secure Obtained and processed fairly a nd lawfully Processed for limited purposes and not in any manner incompatible with those purposes-Held for no longer than necessary-Only disclosed if specific conditions set out in the act are satisfied4.2 Describe the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of this It is of the utmost importance that children, young people and adults are reassured of the confidentiality of shared information as if they feel that what they tell people is going to become common k instantlyledge then they will be reluctantto tell anyone, this could lead to things been missed and psyche getting hurt. Children, young people and adults need to be aware that things will remain confidential within reason, sometimes confidentialities have to be broken if mortal ids in immediate danger or there are reports of abuse.4.3 Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached Sexual abuse Physical abuse Neglect-Self distressResubmission TDA 2.3 Communication and Professional relationships with children, young people and adults 1.3 Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people When in setting if I was in that situation I would seek help from another member of staff so that the child or young person could be heard fairly as it is important that both sides of the story are heard. Both parties must be treated equally until the situation is resolved. I would need to remain calm and try to diffuse the situation without shouting.1.4 Describe how your own behaviour could promote effective interactions with children and young people When dealing with children and young people the TA must be friendly, approachable, give praise where needed and support the children with their work and make them feel valued and that their opinion counts. This can have a very positive impact on the children, their work can improve and their self-confidence will improve. If a child o r young person doesnt feel that they or their opinions matter the will not progress properly and this can impact negatively on their education. They will not want to show their work or may feel silly asking questions, it is a TAs job to help support the children and young people and make them feel valued.2.1 Describe how to establish a respectful professional relationship with adults It is important to establish a respectful professional relationship in setting because we are there to set a good example to the children and young people and if they see adults behaving or speaking inappropriately then they will think it is acceptable to do the same, we are there to be good role models. It is also important to establish a good professional relationship with the parents whether they are your friends or not as they must understand that there arerules and the TAs cannot discuss their or anyone elses child. 2.2 Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people It is important that the children see a good working relationship between adults because if they see tension between the adults the child or children will pick up on this. They may think that this is normal and start being like that themselves. Adults must set a good example to the children and young people, being a good role model is important as you are there day in day out and they will learn from you. If you go in and they think that you are not interested it is going to impact negatively on them.3.1 Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different ages and stages of development Communication differs between different ages and stages of development, people tend to use baby talk when talking to babies and toddlers which is ok but the need to know the correct words for things as it will make it difficult for them when they go to school. When they start school they will learn with phonics this will help them to learn to read and write, in schools now there are many children and young people who bustt have English as their first language so learning has to be adapted for their needs. Some children and young people levels understanding are not the same as others so they perhaps need a little more help and would require one to one help with certain subjects. 3.4 Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs There are a many different communication needs within a school, for example hearing and speech difficulties and ESOL (English speakers of other languages), They will all need limited help as people with hearing problems will require one to one as they may use sign language or mouthpiece reading the TA may need special training for this, you can also use picture cards or write things down.It may be easier for someone with speech problems to practice writing them down first before trying to say them and listening to someone else pronounce them first to help. With people who have Engli sh as their second language it will be more beneficial if they hear someone speaking the words to help with their pronunciation. When helping someone with anything whether they have difficulties or not it is important to speak slower pronounce things accurately and be patient.3.5 Describe how to deal with disagreements between the practitioner and children and young people In setting the TA must diffuse any disagreements between children, there are often fallouts inthe playground over who had what first, as a TA I would say that the child who had it first could have it for 5 more minutes then it would be the other childs turn. In my setting if a child does not do as they are told they will get a warning and if they continue misbehaving they will get a verbal warning, if the still do no adhere then they will get put on a stage. This will then be account to the parents at the end of the day. If dealing with a disagreement between myself and other adults I would try to diffuse the sit uation by remaining calm want advice from a member of staff and I would also speak to the head of the school to find of what the complaints and grievance procedures are for that school.You would not necessarily need to use the procedures but it would be useful to know for future reference. When dealing with disagreements with adults you need to use the same methods as when dealing with children and young people, stay calm and dont shout as shouting will only make matters worse. You also need to be discreet as people will not appreciate people gossiping about the situation. 4.1 Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information* The childrens act 2004* SEN calculate of practice 2001* Human Rights act 1998* Freedom of Information act 20004.3 Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached* OFSTED Safeguarding in schools best practice September 2011 No 100240* adventure of s erious harm* Where an adult is aware that a child is involved in criminal activities* Illness

Strategy on Tata Motors

The purchase of the Jaguar and Land Rover brands catapulted Tata into a different league, while also expanding its global footprint dramatically. Jaguar and Land Rover argon passing sophisticated vehicles, well-engineered and superbly designed, selling to the upper middle-class motorists around the world. While Tata Motors has been running its UK subsidiary at an arms length, it could eventually benefit from its engineering, design and trade expertise. However, the benefits have not been yet spread to India, and Tatas range still relies on its pre-JLR cable cars.Prime among these is the world fs cheapest four-wheeler, the Nano urban subcompact. It was originally intended to sell for Rs1 lakh (Rs100,000), which at the period was equal to around US$2,000. The company had ambitious plans for the Nano, including exporting it to Western Europe and North America. In the event, the Nano s price had to be increased, and it now starts at Rs1. 45 lakh with better-equipped and to a greater extent sophisticated models running up to twice that amount.Given the depreciation of the rupee over the past 18 months, the cheapest Nano can still be purchased for under US$2,400. At the time, it seemed that cheap vehicles were what India and other developing markets wanted. Some competitors scrambled to emulate the Nano, while prices of second-hand vehicles plunged. However, the strategy now seems to be a mistake. The car is still far more expensive than a motorcycle or a moped, while those who can afford a car are highly image-conscious. They don t want to be seen in a car that is known to be the world s cheapest and looks the part.This problem has become more ague as Indias car market has entered a period of stagnation, pushing down sales. So Tata is fine-tuning its Nano strategy. The new Nano will be more elegant, will have more desirable features and add-ons and will be given a higher price tag. Tata is planning to market it to a different group of motorists, including youn g urban professionals. A new group of highly educated, successful twenty-something has emerged in Indian cities, and they may find the Nano an attractive first vehicle.

What Made Hatshepsut a Great Leader?

Through show up history, men typically dominated societies. Men have unendingly appeared to have more(prenominal) look upon and rights than women, depending on certain(a) civilizations. In societies like Egypt, men were frequently pharaohs and today, are considered to be great rulers. Women were often expected to take the job of motherhood in Egyptian society. Although this was their anticipated responsibility, women, usually upper class and royal, were still permitted to get an education, to possess property, own businesses, have a job and be involved in military control.Women could similarly rule as pharaoh, which was an infrequent occurrence still did sometimes happen. Hatshepsut, for example, is one of the few women who became a pronounced leader in the ancient world. Her perplex, Thutmose I, was her mentor and therefore led her to success. Through the teachings of her beginner and educational schooling, she was destined to be a great ruler from a very early age. She con ditioned many all important(predicate) tactics of popular opinion from Thutmose and many similarities regarding the success of their reign could be distinguished.Besides the guidance she had, her vivid personality, ambition and creative ideas reflected in art, policies and architecture make her ruling successful as she strived to achieve ma at and legitimize her power as a female ruler. Although Thutmose IV attempted to carve her out of history, these circumstances make Hatshepsuts greatness possible, as she is cognise as the first great female ruler in history today. Hatshepsut had many attributes nigh her that her siblings did not obtain. She had excellent health, a hasty mind and her fathers vigor.These qualities made her stand out and were indications that Hatshepsut was al focussings her fathers favorite, even in her young age. She grew up under her fathers personal guidance as he was preparing her for rule. His teachings were as harsh as he would have request for a son, a gain Ancient Egypt The Case of marking his faith in Hatshepsut. She was trained to show take to be to her parents, listen to them at all times and to respect her elders. She was taught etiquette such as to speak gently, eat grace in full, and groom herself properly.She was also taught the main prayers that are recited to the gods, which was part of the phantasmal teachings for a royal child. She was well educated as she figureed to write originally on slate and then with ink on papyrus. She had to learn all the six hundred phonetic signs. It was vital for Hatshepsut to learn the signs because it would allow her to communicate with her correspondents if she ever came to power. During Thutmoses rule he was effective in not only war, as he was a successful warrior who re-conquered Nubia, but in peace. Egypt was thriving with progress under Thutmose.Agriculture, trade and mining were advancing rapidly as well as advancements in architecture, literature and art. One of Thutmoses passi ons was building as he carried out many building projects. Hatshepsut takes notice of this, as her building projects are a vital part of the greatness of her reign. His body politic was organized and successful as the laws of ma at and Thutmoses officials kept stability. The system had developed and progressed through out one thousand years. To Hatshepsut, his ways of ruling were flawless and indestructible, which is why she later uses the same style of leadership.But in reality, Egypt was waiting for her, as she was being prepared to rule her whole life. Thutmose had given Egypt the motivation to grow, and she was always part of that. She stood by him throughout his ruler ship, gaining all the knowledge she could, which ultimately leads to her success. By a lesser wife Hatshepsuts father and mentor, Thutmose had a son, Thutmose II. Hatshepsut conjoin her second brother, Thutmose II, in which she gained the title Kings daughter, Kings sister, Gods wife, and Kings great wife. She bore him one daughter, but no sons.After thirteen years on the throne Thutmose II died unexpectedly the bakshis was passed to Thutmose III, his son born to the concubine Isis. The new king was still an infant and Isis was not considered adequately royal to act as the pharaoh. Therefore, Hatshepsut was summoned to rule on behalf of her stepson. Thutmose was laureled king but until the day Hatshepsut was deceased, the king had to compete with his stepmother-aunt. At first she acted as an advisor to the king, but being Hatshepsut was close to the throne all of her life, entangle that she had the most royal power as well as the purest royal blood in her veins. After a few years passed, Hatshepsut presumed the Double streamer and made herself king. Hatshepsut had a strong and vibrant personality and intended to overshadow her half brother as well as her husband. Thutmose III was still known as co ruler, but he remained in the background. There were many difficulties regarding her gend er when she first came into rule, but it did not hinder her greatness. The inscription cutters often made mistakes as all the royal titles were in male form. She had to legitimize herself as female ruler, as she often did through art and statues.In ancient Egypt, literacy was most unremarkably found among the upper class. Throughout the other social classes, literacy was rare. Therefore visuals were used by the government to inform the people and were often used as a form of propaganda. These images included monuments, sculptures and reliefs. Their purpose was to influence the public to obey the king and so that they would recognize that the king had the divine right to rule. As consort, Hatshepsut had been pleased to be represented in visuals as a traditional Egyptian woman. Hatshepsut herself affirmed that she was the most gorgeous woman in the world.Therefore, while in the position of consort, she was shown as a woman or as a woman wearing clothing associated with masculinity an d being king. Two limestone statues that have been retrieved from her famous temple, the Deir el-Bahari, display Hatshepsut urbane in the conventional head cloth and kilt worn by a king. But her physical characteristics such as a rounded, feminine, un-bearded face, and feminine body with breasts and an indented stem represent her femininity. As king, it was necessary for her to create an image that would establish her new role as pharaoh, while separating herself from the position of consort.In her transformation into king, she is depicted as fully masculine with the figure, clothing and accessories of man while performing male rituals. It is assumed that Hatshepsut knew her role as pharaoh could be considered unsubstantiated because of her gender and through the unusual imprint in which she acquired the throne. It seems that it is the appearance of the king that matters rather than her actual gender it was important to Egyptians that she use the conventional iconography of power and locate herself firmly within a big history of dynamic rule. She reinvented herself by portraying herself as a male pharaoh.Hatshepsut displayed this concept through statues and visuals to gain the support of the people and legitimize her power. Another way Hatshepsut reinvented herself to assert her power was by renaming herself Maatkare. The most important word in Hatshepsuts new name was maat. Ma at is an ancient Egyptian rule that refers to a pharaoh keeping Egypt in order and preserving stability of the universe, as ordered by the gods. Prolonging ma at to guarantee the success and solidity of Egypt demanded an reliable ruler who could communicate directly with the gods.By calling herself Maatkare, Hatshepsut claimed her power as a qualified ruler on the throne. A way in which pharaohs ensured ma at was by constructing monuments and building projects throughout the imperium. Hatshepsut followed in her fathers footsteps as a builder and carried out some of the most imp ressive building projects, more ambitious than any pharaoh before her. She had a strong policy of rebuilding and restoring destroyed monuments around the empire. Through these public works projects, she built systems of important religious roads and temples.Her most famous and impressive temple was the Dier el-Bahari and is consider as one of the architectural wonders of the ancient world. It was a multi-purpose sanctuary with many memorials consecrate to an assortment of gods in the upper level. The lower level contained beautiful gardens and pools. The walls were decorated with massive pictures of the pharaoh proposing offerings to different gods, which ensured that she would have an incredible after life. It proved her devotion and strain with the gods, again confirming her legitimacy. Her temple walls also had depictions of her accomplishments during her supremacy.Included on these walls, was the success of her avocation expedition to Punt. Hatshepsut also went slightly achi eving maat in ways regarding her trading policies, another tactic in which she learned from Thutmose, as trade strived under his rule. She sent out voyages to Lebanon for wood, boosted utilization of copper and turquoise mines in Sinai, and accomplished a prosperous trading journey to Punt. Punt was an East African trading center and was a site for unusual items such as precious resins, unexpended wild animals and the ever desirable ebony, ivory and gold (page 100).Hatshepsuts diplomat Neshy sailed with a small but well equipped army on a dangerous route to Punt. The pictures on the temple walls describe a variety of goods being traded and that after, Neshy returned home safely in triumph. In this case Hatshepsut used the military for trade, but she also used it to carry out several effective military movements. She is known as a great warrior like her great grandmother, Ahhotep, and her father Thutmose. She used military campaigns to protect Egypt and eliminate the threats of fore igners from the south and east.These actions helped ensure that Hatshepsuts ruling would be a time of peace and prosperity, just like her father before, and that it was. After 22 years of successful ruling, Hatshepsut dies. Thutmose III, now of age, was free to rule by himself. Near the end of Thutmose IIIs rule, he tried to scrub Hatshepsut from history. He carves her name and pictures out of artwork. At the Deir el-Bahari many statues and monuments of her are taken down, destroyed and then buried. Although it is apparent that he tried to erase her, it is not certain why this happened.It is assumed that Thutmose was an unenthusiastic co-regent and extremely angry that Hatshepsut stole the throne from him. Egyptologists suppose that it was a damanatio meoriae meaning the intentional deletion of a persons identity, which would lead to a horrid after life. In the end, Thutmose III was not successful in permanently removing Hatshepsut from history. By the 19th century, the hieroglyphi cs had been interpreted and the truth about Hatshepsuts reign was shed to light. Hatshepsut was a great ruler and there are many aspects from which her greatness derived.Not only did her father, Thutmose, instruct and mentor her but also she was extremely intelligent and well educated. She took the ideas and policies of Thutmoses reign, and applied them into her own. Her bright personality and ambition to achieve ma at through trade and building projects allowed her empire to strive. She displayed herself in visuals and statues, and even sometimes dressed like a man, to legitimize her power and gain the support of the people. She is considered the first great female ruler of Egypt and is an important and exemplary part of history today. 1 . Hilliard, Kristina, and Kate Wurtzel. 2009. Power and Gender in Hatshepsut. Art Education 62, no. 3 25-31. 2 . Evelyn Wells, Hatshepsut (Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1969) p 16-91 3 . Jacquetta Hawkes, Pharaohs of Egypt (New York American Herit age Pub. Co. ,1965) p 58 Joyce Tyldesley, accounting of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 4 . Hilliard, Kristina, and Kate Wurtzel. 2009. Power and Gender in Hatshepsut. Art Education 62, no. 3 25-31 Coffin, Judith, Robert Stacey, Joshua Cole, and hum Symes. Western Civilizations. Vol. 1. (New York, NY W. W.Morton & Company, 2011) p 42-43 Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 Wilson, Elizabeth B. 2006. The Queen Who Would Be King. Smithsonian 37, no. 6 80-87. 5 . Wilson, Elizabeth B. 2006. The Queen Who Would Be King. Smithsonian 37, no. 6 80-87 Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 6 . Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicles of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 7 . Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicles of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106

The Fukushima Nuclear Plant

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was built in Okuma, Fukushima, to provide japan with electricity. The plant consists of six atomic nuclear reactors that were built during distinguishable magazines in the 1970s. The reactors were built close unneurotic primarily beca enforce finding a new localisation would make a new reactor genuinely expensive, compargond to the addition of a new reactor. The plant was constructed near the sea because nuclear plants consumes massive amount of wet just for its cooling needs and also for steam generation which then drives turbines that generate electricity.The various reactors serviced different companies and suppliers including General Electric, Toshiba, and Hitachi. On March 11th, 2011, an earthquake and subsequent tsunami caused a series of equipment failures, nuclear nuclear melt mastereds and releases of hot materials. agree to the International Business Times (Australia) Fukushima is not the worst nuclear accident ever but it i s the around complicated and the most dramatic disaster. (IBT, 01) On April 2011 The Nuclear Institute rated the disaster a Level 7 Major Accident on the International Nuclear Event subdue.The International Nuclear Event Scale How the reactors were discredited An earthquake of magnitude 9. 0 on a Richter Scale initially damaged the reactors. correspond to the World Nuclear Association, reactor 4 had been de- render while reactors 5 and 6 were in cold ending for planned main(prenominal)tenance. Immediately after the earthquake, the remaining reactors 1-3 shut down automatically and exigency generators came online to power electronics and coolant systems. However, a tsunami rapidly followed the earthquake, fill the low-lying rooms in which the emergency generators were housed.The deluge generators failed, cutting power to tiny pumps, which must continuously circulate coolant water through a nuclear reactor for several eld after being shut down in order to keep the plant from melting down. As the pumps stopped, the in high spirits radioactive decay produced in the first few days after the shutdown caused the reactors to overheat. The heat led to the meltdown of the reactors. General Risks of Nuclear Plants Even without a natural disaster such as an earthquake followed by a tsunami, a Fukushima-like nuclear accident can occur at both nuclear power plant that relies on water for cooling.Nuclear power reactors today ar elicited mostly with uranium, which undergoes a fission chain reaction, releasing heat and creating radioactive fission products, plutonium, and other transuranic elements. After a time, the concentration of chain-reacting isotopes drops to the point where the fuel is considered spent and has to be replaced with fresh fuel. The spent fuel has to be stored in pool basins allowing the heat and radiation organise aim to decrease. After the fuel has cooled, it may be transferred to massive air-cooled dry casks for storage on-site or in a centralized facility. contrasted fossil fuels, nuclear power plants do not emit smoke, sodium dioxide, nitrogen oxide, or carbonic acid gas to the atmosphere. However, because of the use of Uranium, all nuclear power plants release radioactive waste, which stays radioactive from thousands of years and is so very dangerous. The typical method of storing nuclear waste is to house it in steel-lined concrete basins filled with water. The nuclear power industrys leading innovators are currently considering alternatives such as moving the nuclear waste to off-site storage facilities, but this raises the problem of transporting the hazardous material.The escape of radioactive material from the nuclear reactor is very dangerous. Leakage can occur in the following situations through small releases during casual plant operation, accidents in nuclear power plants, accidents in transporting radioactive materials, and escape of radioactive material from betteruriency systems. After the radio active material escapes it could end up in our ecosystem via the atmosphere, the ground, or even the water. According to the States on Radiation Alert Japan Faces Worlds Worst Nuclear Accident since Chernobyl as Experts Warn side effect May Reach U. S. Japans nuclear disaster in 2011 caused several countries to reconsider their use of nuclear energy. Precautions that could have prevented the Disaster The original site for the Fukushima plant was a bluff 35 meters preceding(prenominal) sea level, but high costs prevented construction at this altitude. The plant had to be built on a rock to assure stability of land, so Kajima, the plants constructor, decided to lower the level of the bluff by 25 meters to reduce the cost of extra pipes to reach ground rock. However, Kajima did not take into consideration the possibility that a Tsunami could be higher than 10 meters.Lowering the height of the cliff was considered superstar of the main facts associated with the damage according to the International Atomic Energy Agency. The tsunami caused water to flow into the nuclear plant, flooding the lower emergency generators with seawater, and causing the power supply to fail. The plant was built in a geographic location that is vulnerable to earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. An earthquake, categorized as 9. 0 on a Richter scale, caused a tsunami of magnitude 8. 9 Richter Scale.At the time the plant was built, theories regarding plate tectonics were relatively new. Had geologists and other scientists been more familiar with the causes of earthquakes, particularly in that region, the plant might have been built on another, safer site. However, relocating the nuclear plant is the cost effective, time consuming, most locations have similar features because Japan is found on fault lines. The plants current existing location is conductive in helping cool the nuclear plants (water is taken from seas/rivers and circulated thats why it was on the shore).The damaged reactors c ut power to the critical pumps, which failed to circulate coolant water through the nuclear reactors for several days, allowing it to melt down. The high radioactive heat decay produced in the last few days of the disaster had to be cooled. At that point, only the prompt flooding of the reactors with seawater could have cooled the reactors quickly enough to prevent meltdown, but the purpose to allow flooding was delayed because it would ruin the costly reactors permanently. Only after a long delay, the Nipponese government ordered the reactors to be flooded with seawater.A meltdown could have been prevented if they had acted sooner. Alternatively, the disaster could have been prevented if the emergency generators were located in the upper levels of the plant. This would have prevented the flooding and kept the emergency generators in operation. If the generators had not been flooded with seawater the nuclear reactor could have maintained cooling operations and a nuclear meltdown c ould have been avoided. Finally, certain safety precautions could have prevented this type of disaster at Fukushima. One, properly trained military unit are, in my opinion the main issue to be addressed.The American Nuclear Society approved that impertinent the United States, Japan rarely tests the limits of the system and training of personnel All which lacked training (ANS, 02). Two, many morphologic and managerial precautions could have been implemented to protect against natural disasters there were serious problems with accident management and with happen communication and crisis communication (ANS, 04). Most nuclear power plants nowadays practice these basics and have dominion checkings and visiting taking place.Conclusion on Fukushima. One could make the argument that the nuclear reactor accidents could have been attributed to at least some level of human error. However, the consensus seems to be that the disaster was caused for the most part by the natural occurrence of the earthquake and tsunami. On October 12th, 2012, a Japanese Nuclear Plant instrument admitted on CNN for the first time that TEPCO has failed to take stronger measures to prevent disasters. Tokyo Electric Power Co. utter in a statement that paying closer attention to better-trained employees, international standards and recommendations could have prevented the disaster.TEPCOs president said to TEPCOs press release that these implementations could have saved us from the accident if we turn the clock back. pertly designed reactors For the past few years, nuclear plants have been undergoing an extensive process of redesign. Newly built reactors are designed more safely, so that they do not need electrical power to shut down safely they are relying less on pumps and valves, and more on natural heat. In addition, advanced digital operation will do away with the requirement of a human controller for 72 hours, and the main core will remain cool because of a containment cooling syst em.According to the World Nuclear Association, supererogatory safety measures have been installed at nuclear power plants nationwide since the accident under the governments instructions. Such measures include enhanced seawalls, additional backup power and cooling water sources, the storage of radioactive waste on dry land, and the development of better crisis management training. Nuclear power plants/stations are statistically safe because disasters rarely happen. However, when nuclear disasters happen they cause massive destruction.

Physical and technological resources of a selected organisation Essay

Describe the primary(prenominal) physical and proficient resources required in the operation of a selected organisation. M1 explain how the management of human, physical and technological resources stooge purify the capital punishment of a selected organisation.In this assignment I pull up stakes describe the main physical and technological resources required in an organisation, and how the management of human, physical and technological resources quarter mend the performance of Tesco. carnal resources both(prenominal) of the main physical resources for Tesco be their premises, machinery, equipment, materials and their stock. I have listed these as the main resources required as they be huge factoring reasons as to why and how Tesco makes much(prenominal) huge amounts of profit.A production line good dealt carry expose its day to day activities without having a system in place which manages physical resources. Physical resources can include buildings and premises, mac hinery, materials (and even so waste) and equipment. Businesses should manage its premises according to size, the environment and location of the organisation and even according to its customer needs, wants and requirements as it needs premises to operate. The management of the businesses machinery greatly helps increase performance of Tesco as it means they can produce products faster, deliver and receive products faster, and serve customers faster and more efficiently.Lack of equipment or bad management in Tesco could mean production of products and customer service in some aspects of the business running couldnt be carried out as efficiently or at all. Things classified as equipment could be IT hardwargon and softw ar program that must both be managed extremely carefully. No one unauthorised to do so should be able to access the IT hardware, this can be enforced with physical barriers and surveillance. The software should as well as be protected with adequate security and fir ewalls etc. to prevent people from accessing Tescos databases of customers and products, which could name a huge loss of reputation and funds if it was accessed by unauthorisedpersonnel.Technological resourcesTescos main technological resources include their intellectual property, their copyrights/patents, and their experience and skill. Their intellectual property is, put simply, their ideas affairs that make them unique. This would include things such as their logo, their Tesco value range, and schemes such as the clubcard and the point reward scheme.The management of these resources can greatly meliorate Tescos performance. If the IP is kept up to date and fully modernised this leave give them a competitive advantage, as unyielding as the ideas are original and not different versions of competitors ideas. The IP of Tesco is what makes them Tesco, and provide be how consumers recognise the brand if this is kept in good light customers go forth trust the business and olfact ion connected and familiar with it. By recruiting successful and experienced cater into the management, they can guarantee themselves to make the best decisions possible, and of course, the experience of the business as a whole also makes them what they are today.Human resourcesThe management of human resources is crucial for an organisation. The management should ensure their employees are managed correctly and professionally. If employees perform efficiently and effectively then the customer service and thusly profitability of a business will be maximised. A business can manage its human resources finished many methods, including employee motivation/rewarding, training, appraisal and in the flesh(predicate) development planning. One of the most essential aspects of managing HR is employing individuals with the right skills, qualifications and even personality for a particular(a) job or task they will be required to do. In relation to Tesco, from experience functional there, they could cater greater training in the products they sell so provide are able to provide a better, more personal feeling customer service.D1 Evaluate how managing resources and arbitrary reckon cost can improvethe performance of a business.Budgets must be closely monitored (and stuck to) in order to fully make to the businesses maximum potential. The processes and internal techniques must be managed and all resources must be effectively used. It is very strategic for a business such as Tesco to manage their resources and control their costs in order to budget. Managing resources and controlling costs to a budget is very beneficial for Tesco as it involves a lot of different resources and money is always flowing in and out of the business, which, if managed well, will improve the performance of Tesco.Managing physical resources is very important as they are essential for the day to day running of the business. Tescos management should do things such as check their machinery, equipment and premises regularly to make sure that everything is efficiently working and also to help Tesco improve their everywhereall performance. It is also very important that Tesco provides employees with suitable induction and training programmes on how to operate overbold machinery so they are up to date in the knowledge of use and know how it can be used most effectively.If an employee isnt familiar with how to use a piece of machinery, the efficiency of the business will be decreased. Tesco has many physical resources that should be effectively managed such as their entrance and reception (customer services), which should be kept tidy, organised, and any damages (such as the fire damage as a recent voice in Newbury) should be fixed as soon as possible. As this would be the first thing a customer would see when entering the store. Other physical resources used by Tesco could be the bakeshop and cleaning equipment such as Hoovers, floor cleaners and ovens all this equipm ent should be regularly checked as physical resources like these have a high chance of needing replacement, and subsequently, affecting the budget of Tesco.Premises is the most important physical resource of Tesco. If the premises and main equipment used within are managed well, then customers will be satisfied with their shopping experience and feel comfortable to return, increasing the chance of them being long term customers. Human resources are also a big aspect of the running of Tesco. This must be managedeffectively and successfully as the employee performance directly affects the success of Tesco. HR can be managed through training and regular appraisals, which will develop new skills and improve performance in the work place, which will affect the performance of the whole business. If HR is not effectively managed, employees job skills may go mop up track and employees with the wrong skills will be in the wrong job, holding back the productivity of the world they work in, also, affecting the whole business.Keeping all employees motivated is a key aspect when managing employees. If they are not motivated, the working environment will be bad and staff will perform below their potential. Tesco could (and do) motivate their staff through reward systems, where they pay staff for successfully completed tasks, or passing play them incentives to succeed. Regular appraisals have been proved to be a successful way of managing HR. this can be carried out whenever seen fit by management, so it is therefore not overly time consuming. It also costs nothing, centre no monetary cost is placed on the business expenses.This can also relate to costs to budget as appraisals will create a better relationship between the management and the staff and therefore encourage long term employment, cancelling out recruitment costs. It will also, more simply, mean staff are happier to save the companies money, as they have a better view of it. Technological resources are nonph ysical but are managed similarly to physical resources. The management of technological resources will massively improve the performance of a business.Budget management, may sound simple controlling what the business spends, but it isnt, nor is it just this. Budgeting can come under all categories of resources, for example HR. HR can help a business budget by the amount of people they recruit, and keep in a job, for example, if Tesco were over-staffed they may consider laying stumble some staff. However, this could go either way. If too many members of staff are laid off, then the over all productivity of Tesco could be negatively affected.The staff left could lose respect for the business and therefore motivation to work within it. Less staff, if done in the right was, could be positive however, if those who are laid off have the reasons and regrets fully explained to them thenthey may be less sharp about it. They should also ideally be offered some kind of benefit pack for stay ing employed in the business for as long as they have. If the staff left at the business are also explained what benefits have been given to the employees who have left, they will also be less bitter about the budget cuts, and may remain just as motivated as before, as long as they feel secure in their job.

Global Warming Research Paper

Global thaw plant Its effects on the Economy by Vincent Colletti Professor Shakely side Composition II July 1, 2008 Outline THESIS From the findings of experts on Global Warming and Climatology, it elicit be conclude that Global Warming has a direct effect on our current spheric economy and the derangement of the future. Introduction I. Background A. The register of Environmental Economics B. Economic issues and relations to past and future world(prenominal) thaw estimates II. The effects on gross domestic product A. Increase of indispensable disasters B. Imp lick on agriculture C.Rise in health cargon live 1. Heat waves 2. Spread of disease D. Further subjugation those who go through a lower standard of brisk 1. Dis emplacementment III. Opposing arguments A. Efforts to pr unconstipatedt planetary melting are to pricy B. Low Winter mortality treasure C. Possible Profit lies in the Arctic IV. What is being make to counteract climate smorgasbords affects and plans for t he future A. Kyoto Protocol 1. Acceptance/Refusal 2. Funds created B. Green clutch Jobs and Alternative Energy Sources 1. Wind/Water Power 2. Fuel in effect(p) automobiles 3. Carbon CaptureConclusion Global Warming Its affects on the economy In considering climate budge policies, the fundamental trade-off principal that conjunction faces is between, consumption today and consumption in the nearing future. It is a question of economics the return on this surroundingsal investment is lower damages and thus blue consumption in the future. Now is the time that tribes moldiness decide whether or not they go away(p) make investments in understanding the economics of the environment and act accordingly to slow the climate change over the coming centuries.According to the National Bureau of Environmental look into (NBER) environmental economics is defined as studies of the economic effects of realmal or local environmental policies around the world, including effects on pollut ion, research and suppuration, physical investment, labor tag on, economic efficiency, and the distribution of real income. It is the desirable option to confine policies that are economically efficient so that the environmental objectives abide be achieved in a least cost approach, but then the question a maturates how long should we wait until an optimal climate-change policy is fabricated? pic This chart explains the forecasted growth in Earths average surface temperature according to a series of climate change situations. It is, of course, impossible to predict with certainty what permanent economic effect world-wide warm up give have, but many economists and scientists agree the past and present effects stick out act as a guide as to what can be expected. From the findings of experts on Global Warming and Climatology, it can be concluded that Global Warming has a direct effect on our current global economy and the instability of the future.Although scientists gener ally agree on the probable rise in the average global temperature over the side by side(p) century foretelling the change in a specific region is more complex. Due to the occurrence that the forecast models habitd in determining global changes affects are fenceable that, models, they cannot be taken as fact and are subject to change. According to the Stern Review, a line created by the former Chief Economist of the World Bank Nicholas Stern, the cost of climate change could be equivalent to a permanent loss of around 0-3% in global world proceeds (Stern ix).This would take humans into unk straightawayn territory which is the essential factor in the Stern Review which develops the butt that climate change allow affect every integrity, not just those whose spirthouse gas emissions are elevated. The report conveys the costs of extreme weather conditions could decrease the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by . 5-1% per annum (Stern viii) to begin with the middle of the ce ntury. In regards to the models Stern used in his report, the USA could expect a double of annual natural disaster costs due to the increase in hurricane wind speed attributable to the rise of sea temperature.This should serve as Americas warning considering one of the most costly hurricanes, Hurricane Katrina, hit our shores in 2005. As Al Gore, former Vice President and long time Environmentalist, excites out in his book An awkward Truth, Hurricane Katrina bring ond rough $60 billion in insured losses (Gore 102). A further impact on the world economy would c oncentrate in the UK who will be heavily affect by the dissolve of glaciers, whose annual flood losses alone could increase from 0. % of GDP today to 0. 2-0. 4% of GDP once the increase in global average temperatures reaches 3 or 4 degrees Celsius (Stern viii). Along with the devastation that will follow the increase in natural disasters, global warming will soon prove to be a burden on our agricultural market as well. According to the Environmental Protection mental representation (EPA), the changing climate could cause soils to become drier and drier, and crop failures could become more widespread. What burdens will this place on the global economy?It will affect the abjectest countries first, mostly due to the fact that the majority of these poor countries have a high dependency on agriculture as a means of living and trade. Another affect on our agriculture will be the disruption in our food supply according to author and Boston Globe editor Ross Gelbspan, global warming could result in biting louse related crop damage. With the information presented pertaining to the rising level in carbon dioxide it should be inferred that although plant addition accelerates in areas with elevated carbon dioxide concentration and to some would seem exchangeable an opportunity to initiate in mass harvesting and ncrease yields but it should be considered that many scientist along with Gelbspan predict, these initial increases will soon flatten, and a long-term diet of concentrated carbon dioxide will weaken plants, (Gelbspan 37) resulting in a less full-bodied, wholesome result. The fall in farm industry will ultimately pilot the increase of illness, death, and poverty, especially in third world countries. As briefly mentioned before, global warming will not only have an affect on our economy but also our health care system.Naturally the rise of global temperature can be dangerous for humans because of the extreme weather conditions that are bodies are not accustomed to. A study by the EPA states that an increase in the concentration of ozone at ground level due to high air temperatures may lead to severe complications for mickle with asthma and other lung related diseases. Logically higher air temperatures could seriously impact those who live in southern areas of the world.The EPA estimates that in Atlanta, for example, even a warming of about two degrees(F) would increase heat-related deaths from currently 78 tidy sum annually to anywhere from 96 to 247 large(p) number per year, which if translated into a global scene it would be a travesty. The Stern Review points out a terrible yet scared straight statistic for some, it expressed that the heat wave in Europe of 2003 killed 35,000 people and is estimates show that if temperatures increase 2 or 3 degrees(C) this number can come c stomach to doubling.Also the EPA has speculated that global warming will promote insect life in farther northern areas that were once unable to still growth. In terms of providing medicine for the various diseases carried by the insects such as Malaria, Dengue fever, Nile virus, and Yellow fever, it worries me if presidential term or medical function will be able to offer aid to enough people considering its hard enough to get an adequate amount of Flu vaccinations in a unmarried season imagine an extension of warm seasons with infected insects spreading and establ ishing themselves in unknown territories, this could be the next modern epidemic.In the Heat Is On, a striking fact the author uses to convey a similar point of that of above is A side effect to global warming are insect attacks. A study shows that Alaskan forests have suffered from severe outbreaks of bark beetles, which have devastated several zillion acres of forest (Gelbspan 141). With an increase in severe weather conditions, spread of disease, decline inhabitable land, and sea levels raising many people will be forced to flee their homes. In a 60 Minutes special one of the worlds leading authorities on climate control, Bob Corell, told the world that 98 percent of the worlds mountain glaciers are melting. This is a startling fact considering the impact that will have on coastal cities around the world. Corell proceeded to explain that sea levels around the world will increase triple feet within century years. Melting glaciers will inevitably increase flood risk and water su pplies around the world. Thus approximately one-sixth of the worlds population (Stern vi) will be threatened with drinkable water shortages and displacement. cosmos unable to produce food or purchase necessities, it is estimated that tens to hundreds of millions of people, with warming of 3 or 4 degrees(C) will have to relocate (Stern vi).Although it is often thought just those in Africa, Asia, and small islands will be affected it should be known that large cities such as New York, Tokyo, London, and Cairo all possess an disturb risk. An estimate put forth by the Stern Report states that by the middle of the century, 200 million people may become permanently displaced all of which can be attributed to rising sea levels, powerful floods, and soil and water salinization. Increases in extreme weather patterns could reduce global gross domestic product by up to 1% A two to three degrees Celsius, up to 10% of global rig could be disoriented (Stern Review).Nations worldwide must see the broader economic and security factors of global warming. The melting Artic is the proverbial canary in the coalmine of planetary health and a harbinger of how the warming planet will deeply affect U. S. national security (Borgerson 9). With an economy in distress such as the fall in States, put in cipher efficiency should seem like the logical step forward in the nations history but lobbyists and those who oppose, with their isolationist instinct, look to seek a profit and mask the environments downward spiraling transformation.It is time we get on with the important work of mitigation and alteration by managing the consequences of the great melt (Borgerson 9) however this proves to be harder than environmentalists expected. Opposition to green energy has currently caused frequently debate, with slandering advertisements from both extremes of the spectrum. One combatant estimation stems from the respected economic analysts GlobalInsight, their estimations, in 2002, concl uded that meeting the Kyoto conduct would reduce Germanys GDP by 5. 2%, Spains by 5. 0%, the U. K. s by 4. %, and the Netherlands by 3. 8% (Horner 259). These speculated values stressed the idea that cleaning the environment was just not worth the lost incurred with following the communications protocol. Another suggestion opponents of environmental cleanup is Spain and Britain would lose a million jobs, while Germany would lose nearly 2 million jobs, thanks in part to 40% increase in electrical energy and heating cost (Horner 259), an proposal that has proved to be false, although they have seen a loss in GDP many analysts believe it is due to rising open fire costs.Since the estimations of those who consider global warming too large of a problem to deal with, surfaced to be a fallacy, a new concept was pushed into the media, thus influencing the universe in their favor. Between 2004 and 2005, the Artic lost 14 percent of itsperennial icethe dense, thick ice that is the main re straint to shipping. In the last 23 years, 41 percent of this hard, multiyear ice has vanished. (Borgerson 2).To many this may seem like a grim glance into the future, but for commercial industries and government this is an opportunity to exploit our land. The artic region set near Alaska would be a prime spot for accessing gas reserves. President Bush has proposed that a three way treaty between the United States, Russia, and Canada should be created and refineries put in place. It would seem as if big business is blind to what must occur in order for them to have their chance at producing fuel from the gas reserves.This plan is supported by the fact that it will lessen the dependency on hostile oil. Climate change will have an un-proportionate positive to negative effect ration except for idealists in the market looking to turn a profit. The Stern Report addressed argument that global warming will have a constructive role in the future for instance places such as Russia and Can ada will be beneficiaries of a 2 or 3 degrees (C) in the sense that climate change will lessen winters harshness eventually leading to lower winter mortality, and heating costs.It is also believed that the surge of warmer climates may also increase tourism to once barren artic tundra regions. An efficient response to global climate change will depend on the actions of an internationally collaborative effort. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has realized this and formatted a treaty entitled the Kyoto Protocol. This protocol sets forth for almost every industrialized nation, except the United States and Kazakhstan, a guideline as to how oft greenhouse gas they may emit within a year.It proposes that countries with higher emissions of greenhouse gases be held answerable and require them to pay for more energy efficient activities in less developed countries, thus managing not so much limiting, the amount of harmful gases released and funding countrie s in need of further energy efficient program development. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, over 50 nations representing 55 percent of industrialized nations emissions have agreed to ratify the protocol. To many economists this places the United States in the middle of the war on global warming and sees the U.S. soon being forced to participate or face global environmental isolation. Every artless will need to adapt to climate change (Walker 163) although it will be much easier for some than others. Countries who however produce enough GDP will find it harder to allocate funds to environmentally safe practices earlier than an industrialized nation whose profits soar and money is easily set aside to research and development of green methods. Already 3 global funds are aimed at aiding the least developed countries to adapt (Walker 163).As of April 2006, the Least Developed Country Fund has collected a sum of $89 million in actual funds. While the Special Climate Cha nge Fund has received $45 million towards selection manners of conduct and the estimated by the World Bank state the Clean Development Mechanism will have obtained close to $500 million by the year 2012 (Walker 163). It is ostensibly and economically understandable why so many countries fear the reduction of emissions the cost of mitigation, the loss of jobs, the public will become discontent with government.However a transition to renewable energy would create millions of jobs globally and facilitate less fortunate nations raise of living standards without negatively compromising economic conditions of established countries. The transition from a high to a low greenhouse gas polluting economy will promote competitiveness and opportunity growth. For instance, Britain, within the next twelve years, has a targeted 20% increase in energy efficiency, 10% of vehicle dealings being powered by bio-fuels, and 15% of energy derived from renewable sources (Black).Currently Sweden obtains abo ut 5% of its electrical energy from water, this is called tidal power. Tidal power creates energy from the sea water that moves landwards, the current drives turbines which in effect pass on energy. Another way to counteract global warming is the use of wind. Wind power is produced by use of wind mills, often clustered together on a wind farm, the force of the wind converts natural energy into a useful form such as electricity. Wind energy is easily harnessed, renewable, and is creditworthy for about 1% of world wide electricity use (Black). The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is presently improving at only half the rate of world economic growth (U. S. Department of Energy). Another option to offset or maybe even neutralize the affects of global warming lies in the ideas set forth by an economic analyst lessening May. May believes an open standards fuel law should be sanctioned that would require all new cars sell in the U. S. be Flexible Fuel Vehicles. Flexible fuel cars are automobiles that run not just on gasoline but a variety of alcohol and ethanol based fuels.This would force consumers to defile these new cars that burn fuels cleaner than gasoline. One way of creating a demand for theses flex fuel cars would be to offer tax breaks as incentives for both the producer and consumer. An advantage that comes from selection fuel such as ethanol is it is made from corn, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, and just about any starchy crop. Along with crops as possible green fuel sources, biomass for instance grass, crop residue, fallen leaves, weeds, and trash, all can serve a higher purpose and consequently are in abundance in the U. S. Before long, billions of dollars that we are now sending over seas could be going into the pockets of Americasfarmers, auto workers, alternative fuel producers and investors (May 8A). Not only would alternative fuels create an economic stimulus, far greater than the checks sent ou t by President Bush, but it would help restore the environment. .By adding to our consumption of an emerging market, alternative fueled automobiles, investing in companies that produce these fleets of vehicles, and taking away from government spending which follows the formula in calculating GDP, the U. S. ould be ranked number one. Additionally, a tooth root for increasing unemployment rates would finally be achieved. Also, being one the largest manufacturers of flexible fuel automobiles will alter international trade to increase significantly along with national income. There are limitless ideas as to what can rejuvenate the economy but few have hope of standing up to an idea this enveloping. It is worth keeping in mind that our past can serve as an example of how existence reacted too late when faced with threats like acid rain, deforestation, asbestos, CFCs, declining fisheries, BSE (Black).Simply, climate change will cause damage, in the sense that in what is done for our ow n benefit will cause harm to those in the future. Global warming can not be predicted with complete accuracy but enough can be inferred from the information and effects already available. Mitigation- taking strong action to reduce emissions- must be viewed as an investment (Stern i). Economists may see the fight against global warming as a cost incurred at this moment in order to avoid the repercussions of what the future may bring. And the less mitigation we do now, the greater complexity of ongoing adaptation will be.The production and dispersing of low carbon or green technologies is critical in moving the world into a more sustainable condition. There is no reason economic development and environmental stewardship cannot go hand in hand (Borgerson 8).