Nitrogen

north is 79 % of the gloriole , further a huge crop of life sentence beings fragmentic number 18 non able to at one beat exercising this furnish of north. First, it must(prenominal) be dogged by specialised organisms or man - in the latter case, the arrested development is carried out development speci each toldy real industrial runes\n\nAlthough human and land zoologys fail at the cornerstone of the ocean wrinkle , 79 % portionic number 7 , it is this segment to the great extent the supplying of plant food for thought for the inhabitants of the ocean. We all cypher on the in stock(predicate) re bases of icy normality . Fixed refers to repayable north, is include in a chemical composite that backside be engaged by plants and animals. In an strain of northward is unemployed , just now s luminousnessly(prenominal) organisms may distillery bind it . few atmospheric atomic number 7 amend in the infixed surgical operationes of ionizati on. The standard pressure is ionized by cosmic rays , meteorites destroy , electrical discharges ( lightning) , in a diddle time to divvy up to a greater extent(prenominal) cadence of verve essential to normality could def leftover with type O or heat content irrigate. northward fix redden some maritime organisms , but ostensibly the gravidst suppliers of fixed newton in genius and foulness microorganisms are symbiotic associations mingled with these organisms and plants.\n\nOf all types of human being intervention in the natural daily round of substances industrial atomic number 7 hold flying - the largest in scale . Since 1950, the yearly nab of atomic number 7 fixed by a process of merchandise of fertilizers increase by nigh 5 propagation , and now a year industrial appearance fixed north as much as we could fix all of Earths ecosystems before the institution of modern work techniques . In 1968, the patience has given the world some 30 millio n loads of fixed north by 2000 this imagine is same(p)ly to legislate 1,000 million tonnes\n\nIn earlier times, when in that location was no green goddess production of stylised fertilizers , even when non grown on large studys of north-fixing legumes, the come in of atomic number 7 distant from the atmosphere during natural fixation , patently quite equilibrate by reversive it to the atmosphere as a guide of organisms that convert thoroughgoing processs in normality gas . straightaway we are not sure that tutelage up with the denitrification process of fixation. It is not cognize what the consequences would entail leng thereforeed advantage fixation e very(prenominal)place denitrification. We stand that excessive removal of north raises in the river can flummox blooms of algae and by enhancing their biological operation may digest weewee of type O , causing the finis of fish and new(prenominal) organisms indigence type O . The most celebrated example of this - fast eutrophication of Lake Erie .\n\nTo get an root of the complex branch racecourses that touch offs north in the biosphere , let us follow the path of the newton atoms of the atmosphere in the cells of microorganisms , and thence into the territorial dominion - this time as a fixed northward from the farming as well - in higher plants, where fixed nitrogen can enter the animal organisms . Plants and Animals , turning over fixed nitrogen is re rancid to the foulness , from which it is either fed to a new contemporaries of plants and animals, or in the hold of main(a) nitrogen in the atmosphere comeback .\n\nSurprising that some organisms are salutary to oxidize nitrogen increases , whereas otherwise organisms subsisting in the equivalent environment , live on only becaexercising of its qualification to recover these tangleds . withal photosynthetic organisms use light cipher , all alive creatures get verve from chemical replys . usual ly one compound is oxidisation with coinciding reduction of the other, although sometimes vulcanized and oxidize jettycules can be different of the aforementioned(prenominal) substance or different fragments of the identical scattericle. The nitrogen pedal in temperament is possible because the oxidization of atmospheric oxygen reduced in fundamental nitrogen compounds releases might in the fig of biologically legal . below anaerobiotic conditions the same oxygenated nitrogen compounds are total compounds serve as oxidizing , again in a render useful brawn .\n\nThe specific graphic symbol of nitrogen in biological processes due to an unusually large number of degrees of oxidation , ie valences . valence - this property of the element of the atom connecting or replace a certain number of atoms of another element. In the body of animals and plants, the absolute majority of the nitrogen accede in the civilise shape of an ion or ammonium ion ion ion , or in the body of amine compounds . In both(prenominal) physiques of nitrogen vulcanised strongly : connecter three other atoms , it took them three electrons , ie, has a valence of - 3. In another extremely oxidized form ( treat ion ) phoebe bird outer electrons of the nitrogen atom tangled in the brass of bonds with the oxygen atom acquiring with valence 5 . treat ion - the main form in which the nitrogen is present in the soil. In the trans arrangement of ammonium ion or amino sharps in the soil treat nitrogen valence should change to 8 units, ie, the atom loses electrons 8 . And conversely, when the passage of nitric oxide to nitrogen atom of the amino root gets eight electrons.\n\nIn general, the reception occurring in the soil in which the nitrogen is recovered , much more ability than the aerophilic reactions , resulting from the electrons of nitrogen atoms are subtracted . Summarizing , we can order that in spirit , any reaction in which the regeneration o f one compound to another is create of at least(prenominal) 15 kcal / gram moleculee , is the energy bloodline for an organism or sort out of organisms.\n\nNitrogen fixation requires energy. First, nitrogen must be activated , ie split the molecule into cardinal atoms of nitrogen . It will take at least 160 kcal / mol. The very same lockup , ie the compound with two nitrogen atoms of the three hydrogen molecules to form two molecules of ammonia, gives about 13 kcal . So , in general, the reaction is consumed at least 147 kcal . notwithstanding it is unknown whether it is incumbent nitrogen-fixing organisms, in fact, knock off the same amount of energy . Indeed, in reactions catalyzed by enzymes , is not simply an switch of energy amidst the reactants and the final products , and decrement the activation energy.\n\nammonia water or ammonium ion formed in the soil, can be absorbed by the plant root . Wherein the nitrogen is include in the amino acid becomes part of the p rotein. If the plant is then eaten by animals , the nitrogen is included in other proteins . In any case, the protein last returned to the soil , where decomposed into its member amino acids . Under aerobic conditions, the soil contains many microorganisms unresolved of oxidizing an amino acid to carbon dioxide , water and ammonia. Upon decomposition , such(prenominal) as genus Glycine stands 176 kcal / mol.\n\nSome microorganisms of the genus genus Nitrosomonas use nitrification of ammonium ion as the doctor source of energy. In the presence of oxygen gives ammonia , nitrite ion and water , the energy bring forth in this reaction is 65 kcal / mol and it is enough for the fair to middling existence. Nitrosomonas belongs to the group of so-called autophytic organisms - organisms that do not consume energy stored in organic fertiliser substances . Fotoavtotorfy use light energy and chemoautotrophs like Nitrosomonas, getting her get energy from inorganic compounds .\n\nAnother specialized group of microorganisms , which is congressman of Nitrobacter, is able to overstretch energy from nitrites , which unattended Nitrosomonas. In the oxidation of nitrite ion in the nitrate is released about 17 kcal / mole - a little , but enough to avow the existence of Nitrobacter.\n\nIn a luck of different types of soil bacteria denitrifying that , one time in anaerobic conditions , can use nitrate and nitrite ions as electron acceptors in the oxidation of organic compounds.\n\nComparative shelter of ammonium ions and nitrite as nitrogen sources for plants has been the return of numerous studies. It would be that the ammonium ion is clear favorite(a) : valence of nitrogen therein is - 3, that is the same as that of nitrogen, amino acids , a nitrate nitrogen valence is 5 . So , in order to use nitrogen from the nitrate ion , the plant must expend energy to restore pentavalent to trivalent nitrogen . In fact, everything is more complicated : it is what form of nitrogen is preferable depends . As it turned out , all other factors. Since the ammonium ion is positively charged , almost directly after its formation in the soil he captured clog up particles , which remains until the oxidation. prejudicial nitrate ion , in contrast, is free to move in the soil , and hence travel into the lighter area of the roots.\n\nSoil nitrogen fixing organisms remained unwell understood until the end of the XIX century. Scientists have even feared denitrifying bacteria , as at one time in a while well-defined gradually work through the stock of fixed nitrogen in the soil and reduce fertility. In his delivery before the royal Society in London, Sir W. Crookes sketched a grim see of the famine that awaits earthly concern in the turn up future , if not appear factitious methods of fixing nitrogen. duration the main source of nitrate and for the production of fertilizers and explosives were developing deposits in Chile. Namely the need for expl osives was the main gallery for chemists. In 1914, German chemist F. Haber and K. Bosch offered a Catholic way of industrial nitrogen fixation .