The Influence of Technology on Politics

The Influence of Technology on Politics Can, and will, the next generation of politicians exploit the communication mediums available to them? Will the new communication mediums have the power to influence public opinion? Will politicians be the victims of technology, or will they use it to their benefit? Will one party benefit from the use of the technology more than another? All reasonable questions, considering the role technology plays in today's society.The staggering distribution numbers, through channels like iTunes, YouTube, or podcasting websites, indicate that technology could play a critical role in the upcoming elections. Technology could be the deciding factor in the 2008 US Presidential race, and while distribution has never before been as accessible as it is to today's politicians and political candidates, politicians have far less control over the news and media than their counterparts in previous years. The curious need not look any further than YouTube to find the l atest political constituents being haunted by their own words and dogged by their past missteps.Today's politicians have far less control of the news media and messages associated with their candidacy. The Internet and technology is positioned to play a huge role in elections. Whether that truly occurs remains to be seen. What Will Technology Affect? Fundraising Raising revenue for a political campaign is one of the biggest hurdles the candidates have to overcome in order to make a successful political run. We saw this when Howard Dean initially soared to fame as the result of grass roots Internet donations filling his coffers.Yet technology was also Dean's downfall, as the result of the â€Å"Dean Scream† video getting excessive play time on the Internet and other broadcast media outlets. The recorded spectacle is said to be what led voters to abandon this overzealous candidate. The Power Of Political Pundits With podcasting, everyone is a journalist, regardless of their cre dentials or credibility. Technology has given self-proclaimed political pundits a pulpit from which they can spread their message. How much these political pundits will be able to influence political campaigns and election results is still unclear.Never Say Never Political videos of nearly every 2008 presidential candidate can be found on YouTube. In many of the posted videos, candidates are engaged in old speeches, contradicting their current political positions. Politicians have yet to learn that their words may come back to haunt them, and it appears that many politicians have ghosts from years past that can be found in the YouTube video library. Older political videos are causing problems for candidates whose positions have changed over the course of their careers.The accessibility of the audio and video clips, and wide media distribution, is breeding distrust amongst voters who support candidates who have had a change of heart. Pushing A Cause To The Forefront Evident in the hi t movies â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† by liberal filmmaker Michael Moore, and â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† by environmental evangelist Al Gore, these films not only brought in millions of dollars in revenues, but both movies also received Hollywood accolades and raised attention for the issues featured.Technology appeals to a specific demographic: the affluent, the educated, and the young. And while a YouTube video may not sway the Grandparents in the crowd, the youngest voters are listening. Does technology have the power to change the face of politics? The youth in America are not currently an active voting block, but that younger generation will age, and it's only a matter of time before technology plays a critical role in elections.

Negotiating Indian and Chinese Culture

India is seventh largest country geographically and the second most populous country in the world. It is a democratic country. It is the origin for Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It has unity in diversity and diversity in unity. The name is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu from sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus river (wikipedia, 2008) The most followed culture is Hinduism. The national language is Hindi, where as there are 29 officially recognized spoken languages including Hindi and English. Infrastructure of India is very beautiful one, all the people encourage and breed spiritualism. Ancient philosophies like ayurveda yoga vastu are practiced in India. We can see the thirst for holistic and spiritual inquiry. These are the things which attract foreigners to visit India, and learn Indian culture. It is multilingual and multiethnic society. India is also called as home to diversity of wildlife which has variety of habitats. India is the world’s twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the third largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms have transformed it into the second fastest growing economy in the world. (Kumar, 2008). It is not possible to find out exact origin of Indian people India's ethnic history is extremely complex, and distinct racial divisions between peoples generally cannot be drawn clearly. However, Negroid, Australoid, Mongoloid, and Caucasoid stocks are discernible. The first three are represented mainly by tribal peoples in the southern hills, the plateau, Assam, the Himalayas, and the Andaman Islands. The main Caucasoid elements are the Mediterranean, including groups dominant in much of the north, and the Nordic or Indo-Aryan, a taller, fairer-skinned strain dominant in the northwest. The dark-complexioned Dravidians of the south have a mixture of Mediterranean and Australoid features. In 1999, 72% of the population was Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other. (nationsencyclopedia, 1999). India has so many festivals. People love to celebrate all the festivals. They follow many rituals like pujas, fasting, feasting and all. Indian music includes classical, Hindustani, carnatic and also folk. Indian dance include bhangra, bharathanatyam, kathak, kuchipudi, and odissi. Though different regions have their own cultural dances, they like to participate in all kinds. India has rich customs and traditions. These help people to keep up binding together. Customs include house warming ceremony, naming ceremony, pheras, touching feet etc. Different religions include different prayers. Heritage places in India include like Taj Mahal, Konark, Ajanta-Ellora, Mahabaleswar, and Khajuraho. Tourist places include Delhi, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Goa and more. Chinese Culture The culture of china is one of the world’s oldest and complex civilizations. It has a history of more than 5000 years. It has varied customs and traditions varying among cities, towns and provinces. Traditional Chinese culture includes large geographical area. Each region has been divided into many sub-cultures. They include Sichuan, Yunnan Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Hunan, and Hubei, According to Wikipedia, there were three sovereigns and five emperors. Different periods of history have different names for the various positions within society. Trades and crafts were usually taught by a sifu. (2008). There has been a blurred line among religion, myth and phenomenon. There are many deities included in the tradition. Most recognized holy figures are Jade Emperor, Guan Yin, and Budai. Door God and Imperial guardian lions are spiritual symbols extended from mythology. People there in China still believe in fortune telling rituals. China has the largest population of any country in the world. According to 2002 statistics, the total population of China is 1.28453 billion (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) or about one fifth of the world population. China also has a very dense population, with approximately 135 people per square kilometer. ( CRI Online, 2002). The main festivals of China includes Chinese new year, Double Ninth Festival, The seventh day of seventh lunar month, Duanwu festival, The laba festival and The lantern festival. Official spoken language of China is Mandarin. Other spoken languages include Cantonese, Xiang, Min, Hakka and more. Negotiation When both the cultures of India and China are considered, it is hard to conclude which one is the best. When considering business strategy electronic field is going better in China, where as most of else businesses including IT industry is growing well in India. When it comes to living style of an Individual, India is better. It is mainly because India has follow up most of all world cultures. Especially western people will not have any complaints working for the clients in India. It may be because of the high literacy, and huge practice of western culture. Both Indian and Chinese food has beautiful taste. When compared Chinese food is healthier but Indian food is tastier. People in India are more sophisticated than in China. References CRI Online (2002). Current situation of Chinese Population. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ; http://english.cri.cn/1702/2006-9-28/[email  protected]; Encyclopedia of the Nations (1999). India Ethnic Groups. Retrieved March 10, 2008. ;http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/India-ETHNIC-GROUPS.html; The Epoch Times. (2008, January 22). Australia Blind to India’s Boom. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ;http://en.epochtimes.com/news/8-1-22/64516.html; Wikipedia. (2008, March 10). Culture of China. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture; Wikipedia. (2008, March 10). India. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#_note-8; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Analysis of Offshoring Jobs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Offshoring Jobs - Research Paper Example India has become one of the dominant players in the field of offshoring; this has taken place mostly in works related to software. There are several factors that have aided the evolution of offshoring in India and its spread to other countries. The first factor includes the regulations put by the Indian government during the 1970s; these regulations allowed all foreign ventures to have ownership of majority Indians. Another factor that contributed to offshoring included the advent of the internet as well as telecommunications technology. This enabled the doing of computer-based work anywhere in the world. As a result, the phenomenon of offshoring spread to countries all over the world.Offshoring witnessed immense changes during the early years of the 1990s. The CEOs and CIOs of large corporations realized the need to reduce budgets of information technology. The significant and rapid development of web-based communication made information technology become an essential part of carryi ng out business, thus leading to the revolutionization of the corporate world. To curb the costs of maintaining processes, Chief Information Officers and Chief Executive Officers changed their strategies and began outsourcing the development and maintenance of IT systems. This set the trend for other support and administrative functions being outsourced.According to Gupta (2008), there are several jobs that are offshored all over the world; these jobs tend to be more affected by outsourcing than any other jobs.

Matisses Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Matisses Dance - Essay Example Henri Matisse received an important commission in 1909 from Sergei Shchukin, who was a wealthy Russian industrialist. Shchukin asked Matisse to pain three large scale canvases that would be used to decorate the spiral staircase of his Trubetskoy palace Mansion located in Moscow. After the Russian revolution of 1917, these panels were obtained by the Hermitage. the Large and well loved painting Dance 1 is considered to be rather disingenuously titled and although it is essentially a full scale in oil, of interest is that Matisse did not initially consider it to be more than a preparatory sketch (Rubin & Matisse, 2008). Henri Matisse was already an established law clerk in Paris when he began to keenly follow his interest in art and painting. He conducted an intense study of the works of some of the post-impressionistic painters such as Paul Cezanne before he and some of his contemporaries went on to create what was dubbed as the Fauvism movement. The Fauvism movement was their perception of the post-impressionistic era. However, this movement lasted for a relatively very short duration and its signature brush strokes eventually disappeared from Matisse’s work which later on went to encompass the Cubist movement style. The Dance 1 painting is considered to be one of the most noteworthy pieces that Matisse was able to produce during his Fauvism period (Zibas, 2011).

Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership Research Paper

Social Innovation and the Role of Leadership - Research Paper Example As far as internal validity of the published article is concerned, it is again valid as there are a number of references used within the article. The used references in the paper are cited within the paper. The authors of the article make use of side notes and end notes to refer and explain any ideas or written content that needs description, which makes the article easy to follow. The references included in the paper differentiate in their content type as they are from books, journals and internet libraries. Their publication dates are before 2007 as 2007 is the year of the article itself. The writers have incorporated the written content from different timescales in order to collect different opinions about social innovation as a broad term. At the end of the article, however, a references section is absent that should be a part of academic writing. Only a section with the name of further reading suggestions can be found that informs that the readers of the article can go for addit ional readings if they are interested in the subject of the paper. Along with side notes and end notes, a separate references section should be given at the end that is lacking in the paper. Language of the article is informative and simple as the ideas and theories described by the writers are easier to follow and comprehend. The targeted readers of the article are people related to business, technology, sociology and other fields, youth and all other people as well. The article talks about improvement of societies and their problems so it cannot be restricted to any specific audience of group of people. This article is written for a wider audience. The format of the article is descriptive and formal as the readers can note proper headings with end notes and side notes along with examples that are explanatory. As the title of the article is social innovation, therefore, the writers give detailed and expressive definitions of the title. The article if observed theoretically is quite explicit and evocative and gives a clear picture of the different terms and theories related to social innovation. According to Mulgan, et al (2007), innovation is about ‘new ideas that work’ (8). The writers also explain that social innovation is not business innovation; it is a lot different than business innovation. Social innovation is associated with sociology and accomplishment of social goals. According to the writers, the term social innovation is quite rich in its meaning and is widespread in terms of its peripheries. By judging the article and its explicitly described content, it is quite clear that theoretically, the article is quite clear in its meanings. Leadership: Exploration and Identification The article gives examples of leaders who did innovative works in their respective fields. According to Mulgan, et al (2007), people from different fields who can also be termed as leaders of social innovation such as â€Å"politicians, bureaucrats, intellectuals , business people as well as NGO activists† (14) participated in defining the concept of social innovation and leaders play an effective role in exploring and identifying the concept of social innovation. According to the article, there are four horizons of effective leadership, which are legacy / generational time, long,

Discuss the major problems facing elderly in China and how does the Essay

Discuss the major problems facing elderly in China and how does the government solve these problems - Essay Example Facts and discussion presented in this paper are basically meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"the old people in China are having grave socioeconomic problems due to the increasing rate of old population and the Chinese government is profoundly concerned about this issue.† In my opinion, this state or claim is unequivocally based on a factual and reality-based approach, which is backed up by authentic research reports that are discussed in this paper. 2. Major problems faced by the old Chinese community: It is mentioned in (Chinese Culture, 2011) that the population of old people over 60 years of age is about 128 million which suggests the existence of one old Chinese over 60 years in every ten people, and this rate of old population is the largest in the whole world. (Central News Agency, 2007) claims that the rate of old population is thought to increase up to 400 million in 2037. Naturally, the grave socioeconomic scenarios experienced are bound to be mo re exploiting and destructive with the growing number of old citizens. It is suggested by Wenfan (cited in Chinese Culture, 2011) that most of the problems are resulting from the shattered family structure. In old times, old parents used to be the utmost responsibility of their mid aged children and they always took great care to look after their myriad psychological and financial needs along with encouraging them to share the same house. Now, with excessive competitiveness and increased materialistic approach, meaning of relationships is getting fast forgotten with the result that none of the kids remain behind with their parents. (LaFraniere, 2011) mentions that more than half of the old Chinese population lives separately because younger generations are moving away from their old parents. Shortage of money is the biggest problem that the old Chinese population has to deal with and this problem is potentially capable of bringing with itself myriad critical psychological pressures. 3. Better accommodation facilities for old people ensured at governmental level: The accommodation problems are worth mentioning that were quite significant in the past but are gradually lessening now. With urbanized lifestyle getting famous in the adult children, they are increasingly worried by the heavy burden of their parents. That is why they choose to live separately at their own places. They are themselves found too preoccupied with their own problems, let alone coping with the needs of the old parents. Therefore, more and more old Chinese people are left alone and they deserve better and cheaper accommodation facilities. It is mentioned by (Xiao, 2011) that â€Å"few overseas enterprises have invested in China's vast market for care of the elderly.† Affording the best old houses was not imaginable for the elderly people a few years back, but now more and more old Chinese people reportedly return from abroad so that they can spend the rest of their lives in their own country. Efforts made at governmental level have brought a noticeable change. â€Å"The thought of returning home and purchasing a house to spend their remaining years has attracted an increasing number of Chinese people who are currently living abroad.† (Overseas Chinese Network, 2009). More combined and strengthened efforts from the families, the local communities,

Small Business Enterprise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Small Business Enterprise - Assignment Example around 54 employees but has been voted by the Sunday times as the top ranked till managed to in its own respect. It is a small private firm that is based in London and has been established in the year 2009 (Best Companies, 2013). It is a great matter of pride for the company as the staff turnover is quite less. Moreover, the company is seen to employ young candidates who are of the age of 29 on an average. Considering all of these aspects, it can be said that small businesses if properly managed can lead to smooth flow of the business activities. In this respect, another small business i.e. TPP SystmOne which is specialized in delivering internet services to the consumers’ (Goundrey-Smith, 2012). TPP has been considered to be the best company for a fourth time pertaining to the review of the Sunday Times. Moreover, the company has also been bestowed with a special award as the best improver in the division of internet services. Moreover, it has been ascertained that the compan y has been heading towards the roadway of success. 1.1 Strengths/Weaknesses of the two companies In relation to Strengths/Weaknesses of Cloudreach, it can be said that the company operating with such a small number of employees and getting recognized at a larger scale is one of the major strengths of the company (Cloudreach, 2013). Another aspect that represents the strengths of the company is that it has been able to grab the top position for the cloud computing services that it renders to its customers’. Moreover, the company is responsible for providing a wide array of services namely: migration services, services relating to application development, managed services and consultancy services among others. The aforementioned services being rendered by the company reflects about its accelerated strengths irrespective of its size. In keeping up with the fact about the company’s strength, it assists in maintaining sustainability within the competitive market scenario. H owever, the small size and less employee turnover can be considered as the weakness of the Company i.e. Cloudreach. In relation to the aspects associated with this factor, it can be said that if the company plans for following expansion strategies in the near future then its small size may prove to be a hindrance in its growth (Cloudreach, 2013). On the other hand, the company i.e. TPP SystmOne endures certain major strengths that will enable the company to be in a much favourable position in near future. The company is mainly responsible for developing high end software that delivers fruitful sources of information to numerous health professionals around the world. This factor adds up to the strengths of the company to a greater extent (TPP SystmOne, 2013). The major weakness of the company can be considered as the small size. This factor can prove to be quite disadvantageous for the company if it goes for an expansion in diversified field worldwide. Furthermore, the company is spe cialized in the field of medicines and provides useful information pertaining to the best use of medicines. It does not reflect much diversity in its services which can prove to be a major weakness for the company (Beisse,

Cyberworlds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cyberworlds - Essay Example Their avatars would come over and help me clear a field or build a house, even run a business. This added to the social interactivity of the game. By helping each other out in the tasks, we managed to get to know each other quite well in the cyberworld that we functioned in. It was fun to relate to one another in this world because we could not see what the other looked like at the moment and we did not care. As long as the game avatars did as they were told by their controllers, the game was a peaceful and friendly one. That is perhaps the reason why I sometimes find myself spending as much as 12 hours in a day playing the game. My friends and I go on adventurous treks through the forests in this game and accomplish a lot thanks to the power of cooperation. Due to the numerous fun activities that can be done within the virtual world and the fact that I can interact with other people in the social world who may or may not be in my friends list, I find that I enjoy being a part of this virtual reality. It is because of the easy access that my friends and I have into each others virtual world that I found myself coming to the realization that a virtual world can actually exist and the place becomes real, because my friends and I can see it on our monitors and we can touch each other through the virtual world action lists. This means that what is virtual to most has become reality to us. That is why I disagree with the statement from our reading that dictates that : â€Å"... place† and â€Å"virtual† cannot coexist: there is no â€Å"place† in the virtual beyond the metaphor. â€Å" The two places can actually exist because the technology exists to make the place real for the game participants. Everything from the headset microphones to the personalized avatars allows us to communicate with one another instantly and share concerns that for the bystanders are â€Å"virtual† concerns but

Effect of changing government on Russian citizens before and after the Research Paper

Effect of changing government on Russian citizens before and after the fall of the Soviet Union - Research Paper Example In 1991 the people of Russia gained their electoral rights. However at what cost that right came is an important question. Reasons for choosing Soviet Union Every country during its transformation process undergoes economic turmoil. Russia had been a country that had experienced transformation of its political, economic, and social scenario several times in history. However the collapse of the Soviet Union had been a unique phenomenon. We want to study the effects of such collapse on the economic condition of the people. However unavailability of reliable data makes us do a both qualitative and quantitative study. (Ra’anan) Background: the fall of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was formed in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. During that time the Joseph Stalin had exhibited his despotic rules. From 1953-64 Nikita Krushchev tried out her reforms but failed to make many changes. The reforms were not necessarily in the direction of liberalization. During this p eriod the atrocities of the police was relaxed and the townsmen achieved a comparatively higher standard of living. The peasants were controlled by the state through the collective farms. They were the focus of much of the states concern, though that did not help their condition very much. The intellectual and the cultural life at the time of Khrushchev also performed fairly well. The educated and the civil society n the 1960s for the first time could express their desires. They expressed a desire to free themselves from the omnipresence of the state and gain individual autonomy. The rule of Kruschev saw the prevalence of oligarchy. His successor Brezchnev heightened the process becoming the chief oligarch within the ruling class. (Ra’anan, 77) From 1964 to 1982 Soviet Union saw an improvement in the material standards of their lives. However the state presence in the public life of the people was resumed. Censorship and the control of police came back. The ideologies of the parties found fewer takers from the common people. The detachment was aggravated by the growing corruption within the ranks of the party. As agriculture got less and less attention from the government investment in heavy industries and military kept rising. The non-Russian people had a growing discontent over several issues. After 1985 the controls of the state were taken over by a new group of leaders. They were the young leaders within the party. The dynamic leader Mikhail Gorbachev represented this pragmatic group of leaders. These people believed in reforms. They received an opposition within the ranks of their own party. The reformist policies of the group were in contrast to the hardliners. Gorbachev wanted to rejuvenate the country’s economy and political scenario through a series of reforms and turned to the intelligentsia for support. The former rule of control was relaxed and expression of ideas was relaxed. This led to a number of problems for the government as the civil society searched answers for the abuses of the previous governments. Under pressure the party moved towards a more pluralistic policy and constitutional government. In spite of all the changes and reforms undertaken by the government, the Gorbachev rule ceased to exist. The central institution was ruined and the people belonging to minor communities raised their voice in nationalist sentiment. The final demise came about in 1991. (Keep, 2-3)

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Reflection paper - Essay Example The politics in California have been and is strongly influenced by finances. Inadequacy of provisions that govern campaign, and election finance is a threat to democracy. It exposes the government and political parties to scandals and blackmails by private corporations that may be willing to finance campaigns so they may earn some favors from resulting government. This paper explores shortcomings of election finance provisions and the impending threat to democracy. Money has done much for California politics by making fundraising an acceptable evil. The political class may be the beneficiaries of such insufficiency of the law in the sense that, as it is now, campaign funding and fundraising provisions do not favor persons without connections and money to spend. This discourages participation. This paper will also explore the political class unwillingness to enact serious laws to reduce the influence justice in politics. According to federalism Fundraising (lobbying for the financial donation) remain the primary source of campaign money in California. The Political Action Committee collects funds from donors and spends them on behalf of the candidate. Since American politics is closely related to finance and no campaign, money means no vote, individuals, and political parties are advancing in method of appealing for funding by wealthy individuals and organization. In 2004, Howard Dean used the Internet to mobilize civilians for funding. This might have changed fundraising approach in America for good -which is much important than manifestos. Candidates have started using the latest technology called the Microtargeting- that has the capability to target only potential donors. (Washington Post) This show how important money is treated in politics. Raising more money increases the chances of obtaining votes as observed in 2012 presidential and Senate

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay Example for Free

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay Daniel Dafoe’s popular novel, originally titled The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates (iii), like most classics underwent many editions through the years. However nothing but the first edition, which is the basis of this essay, can give us the look and feel of the time as intended to be shown by the author. Early Modern English According to Volume 14 of The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes, Early Modern English period marked the expansion of the use of the English language outside England. But since English was spread at various times it has been subjected to different influences and additional variations caused by attempts at etymological spelling (Ward et al ch 15 sec 3 par 1). These were evident in the novel in two aspects of language: grammar and vocabulary (Ward et al ch 15 sec 1 par 1-2). Among the inflectional changes during the early modern English was the dropping of the weak vowel in verbs ending in –ed (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 4 par. 7). Examples of these manifested not only in the title (the word deliver’d) but within the text itself such as call’d, fill’d, encreas’d, and fatigu’d. Spelling also appeared to be phonetically defective (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1) with words like perswasions, lyon, lye, and prophetick. Compounding of words were also used in the novel by examples of free-school, hand-maids, ground-tackle and fellow-slave. However, the change in the verbs as well as the defects in spelling was not applied to the entire novel which makes us consider the reasons for such use. Towards a Purity in Style Daniel Defoe, in his book An Essay upon Projects, emphasized that it was the responsibility of the society to polish and refine the English tongue and to purge it from all the irregular additions that ignorance and affectation have introduced as befitted the noblest and most comprehensive of all the vulgar languages in the world (8). The spread of the English language was depicted in the novel when Robinson Crusoe teaches his servant Friday the English language. We may notice from an excerpt of their discourse below that although essentially Crusoe and Friday came to communicate effectively with each other, Friday’s English differs much from Crusoe’s parallel to their difference in status and origin: Friday, My Nation beat much, for all that. Master, How beat; if your Nation beat them, how come you to be taken? Friday, They more many than my Nation in the Place where me was; they take one, two, three, and me; my Nation over beat them in the yonder Place, where me no was; there my Nation take one, two, great Thousand. Master, But why did not your Side recover you from the Hands of your Enemies then? Friday, They run one, two, three, and me, and make go in the Canoe; my Nation have no Canoe that time. (Defoe, â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 254) Much is the same circumstance that brought about the variations and additions to the English language in which Defoe is clamoring for purity (â€Å"An Essay upon Projects† 8). Shoar and Shore. Aside from the defective spelling mentioned earlier is the variation in the spelling (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1). An example if this is the word shore, spelled shore and shoar, in different context of the novel. It may be noted that shoar was only used in the part of Robinson Crusoe’s mishaps. That is to say, from the part of his captivity at Sallee until before his wreck on the island. These mishaps, Crusoe later reflected on, were results of his ignorance in the Providence of God and malcontent thus the use of the spelling shoar. While his solitary life in the island described the learning process he underwent to survive and finally live harmoniously with his surroundings; hence the renewed use of the spelling shore. In this regard, one may interpret that the use of the word was intentional to show the need and difficulty in creating a standard for the English language. viz. and (viz.). The use of foreign language in novels is quite common throughout the ages. As such, we came to attention on the use of the Latin word viz. Oxford English Dictionary defines viz. as the abbreviation of videlicet which generally means namely or that is to say (1033). Although Defoe used viz. without parenthesis and viz. in parenthesis based on the same definition, its participation in the statement are quite different. The viz. without parenthesis was used in identifying and qualifying statements such as the â€Å"All the rest of that Day I spent in afflicting my self at the dismal Circumstances I was brought to, viz. I had neither Food, House, Clothes, Weapon, or Place to fly to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 82). On the other hand, viz. in parenthesis, which appeared in lines like â€Å"This was what I wish’d for; so I took them up, and serv’d them as we serve notorious Thieves in England, (viz.) Hang’d them in Chains for a Terror to others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 138), was used as such in order to explain earlier statement. The use of parenthesis to differentiate the use of the same word in the novel further reflects Defoe’s quest for refinement of the English language as mentioned previously. Conclusion Indeed, regardless of the plot of the story which categorized it to fiction, the culture and language of the time is unmistakable. Robinson Crusoe, in its original version, allows us the indulgence to peek and appreciate not only the early modern English language but the period as well. The flexibility of the language then reflected the society of that time as it has always been for any period or era. At the same time, the novel provided additional venue for the author to disseminate his ideas and further his individual attempt towards the transition to the modern English language and insertions to the importance of learning across the spectrum of the society. Such power language has to influence its readers, whether consciously or unconsciously. And the duality that the novel showed made it a favorite among children and adults alike. Fulfilling its objectives to entertain and propagate (however subtle it may be). Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. An Essay Upon Projects. New York: Adamant Media Corporation, 2005. Print. . The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates. London: printed for W. Taylor, 1719. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Ward, Aldolphus William, Sir, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907-21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 (Web) April 1, 2009.

Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay Example for Free

Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay Franklin D. Roosevelt is one of the most important and influential American political figures in the 20th century. Elected four times in office, his twelve years in the White House proved to be a testament to American courage, especially when faced with great challenges such as the Great Depression and the Second World War. Franklin D. Roosevelt, often called FDR, was born to James and Sara Delano Roosevelt in January 30, 1882 at Hyde Park, New York. (Potts, 5) The Roosevelt family was a rather affluent and Franklin was educated most of his younger years with tutors. In 1900, he enrolled at Harvard University and ended his college career at Columbia University Law School. (Potts, 7) On St. Patricks Day, 1905, Franklin married Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, a distant cousin and the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. Franklin Roosevelt greatly admired his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt who ascended to the presidency during Franklin’s freshman year at Harvard. On several instances, Franklin visited the White House to discuss issues with his cousin Teddy. It is inevitable then that Franklin would have a growing interest in joining politics. He entered public service just as his cousin did, but as a Democrat in New York, a known Republican state. This proved to be a liability and problems arose but eventually, in 1910, Franklin was elected to the New York Senate. (Coker, 11) Three years later, in 1913, President Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, something he had in common with his cousin Teddy. In the years that passed Franklin proved his mettle in politics and became the 1920 Democratic nominee for Vice President. Things went well in Franklin’s life until at age 39, in the summer of 1921, he got a stricken with poliomyelitis. This was a major setback but never deterrence to his courage. Franklin fought hard to be able to use his legs again through swimming. At the dramatic 1924 Democratic Convention, Franklin appeared, wearing crutches, to nominate Alfred E. Smith as the Happy Warrior. In 1928 Roosevelt became Governor of New York. (Friedel, 69) By this time, the economy is collapsing and as governor, he retained his reformist stance pushing for the conservation of the state aid to the unemployed citizens. His political career eventually reached its culmination when he was nominated for the 1932 presidency by the Democrat party. In his acceptance of his nomination, he said â€Å"I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.† This was what he came to be known for and in November 1932, Franklin was elected to his first term in as president of the United States. His administration became synonymous to the new deal he had pushed for in his campaign. (Heale, 3) It was not an easy term though. When he was elected for president, Franklin had inherited a lot of problems. This was the time when America was at the depth of the Great Depression and by March, four months into his presidency, 13,000,000 Americans were unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. The first hundred days of his office proved to be difficult. In these days Franklin had Congress implement a sweeping program to resurrect the ailing business and agriculture, to give relief to the unemployed and to those about to lose their homes and farms. He pushed for reform, especially through the Tennessee Valley Authority. Franklin Delano Roosevelt showed the people that something can be done. He gained immense admiration by helping the American people regain faith in themselves. He brought direction and hope as he assured prompt, vigorous action towards the depression. As Franklin asserted in his Inaugural Address, the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. This was precisely the attitude of his administration that created impact. In three years, the FDR administration led the United States to some measure of recovery, but the experimental and aggressive nature of Roosevelt’s New Deal program had turned up the noses of businessmen and bankers. They feared his ventures, were dismayed by the allowed deficits in the budget and being taken off the gold standard, and more so, the businessmen and bankers alike were hated the concessions to labor. Sensing this, Roosevelt created a new program of reform: Social Security, larger taxes on the wealthy, new controls over banks and public utilities, and a massive relief program for the unemployed. This new burst in legislation helped Roosevelt to a re-election in 1936. Roosevelt brought in more reforms to his administration. Feeling he had a favorable and popular mandate, he then sought legislation to enlarge the Supreme Court, which had been creating problems with his New Deal policies. Roosevelt lost the Supreme Court battle, but this sparked a revolution in constitutional law. Thereafter, the Government could legally regulate the economy. (Friedel, 69) During the latter part of his second term however, foreign crises loomed over domestic problems. In 1939 the war in Europe broke out and the fear that America would get entangled in this gave Roosevelt an opportunity to get elected again in 1940. This was defiance to what should have been a maximum of two presidential terms. (Heale, 4) Nevertheless, Roosevelt received strong support from big cities and on his third term as president, he pledged the United States to the good neighbor policy, transforming the Monroe Doctrine from a unilateral American manifesto into arrangements for mutual protection against assailants. He also struggled to keep the United States out of the war in Europe through neutrality legislation but at the same time he pledged to help reinforce nations in danger. In 1940, when France fell and England came under siege, he began to send Great Britain all possible aid except actual military involvement. Inevitably though, on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. That day, Roosevelt directed all of the Americas resources and manpower and the nation plunged into global war. Roosevelt, in the years after, devoted careful thought in his dealings and strategies with other nations and allies. He was crucial in the planning of a United Nations, wherein, he hoped, international differences and difficulties could be solved. Roosevelt proved to be highly influential throughout the war but towards the end of the war, his health worsened, and on April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage, thus ending the longest presidential term in American history. (Friedel, 69) Works Cited Coker, Jeffrey W. Franklin D. Roosevelt: a biography. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005 Freidel, Frank. Presidents of the United States of America. DIANE Publishing, 1994 Heale, M. J. Franklin D. Roosevelt: the New Deal and war.   Routledge, 1999 Potts, Steve. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Capstone Press, 2006

The History And Growth Of Animation

The History And Growth Of Animation Ever since the establishment of photography people learned that if pictures of moving objects were taken in a quick series and flipped through in succession to create the false impression of a moving picture. Pottery is one of the best examples of early art still around today. One of the very first attempts at translating the motionless image into a moving image is found on such piece of pottery. About 5000BC a piece pottery, if spun illustrates a goat jumping and eating from a tree. It consisted of five sequential drawings. The interest of illustrating figures in motion can be seen in the still drawings of Paleolithic cave paintings, as in these paintings animals are illustrated with multiple legs in superimposed arrangements. The movement of anatomical structure was defined by Leonardo Davinci, courtesy to which today artists can come up with believable and beautiful animation. A toy created in 1824 known as the thaumatrope demonstrated the phenomenon of diligence of vision. The design was a disc, which showed a bird on one side and an empty cage on the other. When the disc was spun, the appeared in the cage. According to Patrick James à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..This proved that the eye retains images when it is exposed to a series of pictures, one at a time. After the thaumatrope William George Horner invented Zeotrope in 1834. This device was cylindrical in shape with vertical slits around the sides. To the opposite side of the slits series of pictures were kept, around the inside of the cylinde r. In order to see the illusion of motion the user had to spin the cylinder and look through the slits. Peering through the slits was quite annoying for people, so in year 1877 Emile Reynaud invented Praxinoscope. This device was much like Zeotrope the difference was that animation was reflected on motionless mirrors on the inside of the wheel. It was much better than Zeotrope as it allowed large group of people to view animation at the same time. The first animated film was created in 1892. It was fifteen minutes long and was made by Reynaud. It was shown with the help of praxinoscope and a projector. Animation started appearing before 1910. It consisted of simple drawings photographed one at a time. As there were hundreds of drawings per minute of film, the animation process was highly labor intensive. As the time passed by, the technology evolved and new animation techniques came into existence. An animation technique, known as stop action was used by the animators earlier. The directors used to stop the camera and rearrange or remove items to the shot and then start rolling again. In 1900 J.Stuart Blackton created a film called The Enchanted Drawing by combining the live action of him drawing and stop action technique. Later in year 1908 Emile Cohl created a film named Fantasmagorie. This film was considered to be the first true animated film. The industrial revolution took place and most of the American studios turned to flat animation as it was much more efficient for their assembly line technique of making animated films. Animation was easily done by the celluloid technique developed around in the beginning of 1914. With the help of these celluloids the animators just had to make a complex background or foreground and compress in moving characters in between a number of other pieces of celluloids, which is transparent apart from where drawings were painted on it. This helped the animators, as they would just draw once the background as it remained motionless and only the character moved. If the foreground elements were positioned in the frame, it also formed a false impression of depth. In 1914 one of the pioneer of animation named Winsor McCay created the first animated cartoons titled Gertie the Dinosaur. Gradually animation then started to progress with quite a lot of animated films produced in next twenty years. Producers like Warners, MGM and Disney developed cartoon techniques in 1920s and 1930s. They used traditional animation methods of constructing complicated backgrounds and then imposing moving figures in them with celluloid. Then in 1928 it was Walt Disney, who took animation to a complete new level adding sound and producing the first ever animated film with sound, which was Steamboat Willie. In this film he introduced a new character named as Mickey Mouse. And in 1937 Walt Disney change the entire world of animation by opening doors that people never even thought of. The first full-length animated film in 1937 that was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was a box-office smash. This era was known as the Golden age of Animation. According to Steve Nyman The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million in its original theatrical release. While looking at it economically, when Disney released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs the studio ran out of money, as it was quite a labor incentive task. Immediately after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Pinocchio and Fantasia were released and both of them were financial disappointments. Traditional animated feature films were financially unsuccessful in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Traditional animation was not successful because it required a lot of money, a huge team (labor) and the quality was also not that great as compared to todays computer animated films. With the passage of time animation has developed and evolved a lot. We can see the drastic changes in the way of doing animation. With the changing era technology is also changing hand in hand, as earlier people used to use traditional ways of doing animation but today animation is mostly computer generated which is far more easy and it consumes less time. Since then animated films have become one of the most frequently enjoyed forms of entertainment. Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King are some of the best movies by Disney. The social impact of animation is also very drastic. Earlier the target audience of animated cartoons or films were children. But as the evolving time every single person like animated movies. These films have a very light humor which sometimes doesnt even make sense, but it is done in such an appealing way that an 8 years old kid or a 80 years old granddad would love them. Every generation has been enjoying the stories and characters of these animated featured films. Traditionally animation was done in time consuming and labor intensive process of two-dimensional hand drawn cel animation. Today the way of doing animation is completely different and it is much more effective and it majorly depends on new advanced computer technology. Without the new advances in computer technology, outstanding animated films wouldnt have been possible. Films like Toy Story, Madagascar, Finding Nemo, Up etc are the magnificent pieces of work done by Walt Disney and they wouldnt have been possible without the computer technology. Earlier animators used to work very hard and they had to put a lot of effort just to make a small animated video, but now it is all computerized and one can easily see the evolution of animation that how significantly it has improved and made a special place for it self in the industry. According to Buffy Naillon, Computer animation changed the animated film industry. Animation today is based more on math formulas than the ability to draw According to Library.ThinkQuest.org, The company created a design system called DAC (Design Augmented by Computers). With it, they could look at 3D models of their cars from every angle. Consistent with PIXAR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.where films go through four stages: development, creating storyline; pre-production, addressing technical challenges; production, making the film; and post-production, polishing the final product. Today the way of doing animation is completely different and is very effective, its a complete process with various steps which include the idea of the film development, then to create a story line in which pre-production is done and dealing with all the technical challenges are also done in this step, later comes the production and the making of the film and then with the final touches the polishing is done. Today we have 3 dimensional animated films, which give the impression of being more realistic. Everyone today is fond of animated films. The stories are very beautiful and yet simple, most of the time the comic stories arent even really funny and most of the time they dont even make sense and are completely illogical but still people love them as when that sledgehammer drops on Sylvesters Big toe and it grows to the size of a watermelon theres no trick photography involved. And the most important the quality of the animated films today is way different then what we had in past. Today when animated films are played in rapid succession they appear to have seamless movements within the layouts. Comparing the methods used today and the methods used earlier one can easily see that how the animation process has evolved and how it is getting better and better. The amazing animated films carry on in the new millennium with great movies like How to Train your Dragon, Toy Story 3, Shrek The Fi nal Chapter, and many more to follow as animated featured films are one of the best way of entertainment today.

How Dangerous are Trade Disputes Between the EU and the US for Transatlantic Relations? :: Trading European Union United States Essays

How Dangerous are Trade Disputes Between the EU and the US for Transatlantic Relations? INTRODUCTION The United States of America and the 15 countries that comprise the European Union are the two largest economies in the world, and possess the world’s biggest bilateral trading and investment relationship. The enormous impact of trade relations between the two continents creates thousands of jobs and wealth on both sides of the Atlantic. These transatlantic flows of trade and investment amount to around $1 billion a day, and jointly, the global trade accounts for almost 40 % of world trade . These staggering figures indicate the incredible synergies that can result from cooperative agreements between countries, but are not always free from the perilous touch of political and national interests. Every relationship has its own pitfalls and troubles, and if not kept in check the trade disagreements that arise between these powerful entities can pose a dangerous threat to the entire relationship. Unfortunately, the disagreements that result can become so heated that a complete trade shutdown of certain items occurs. One such example is the EU/US beef trade dispute. As Michael Paulson of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer notes, as much as 90 % of US beef is produced with the aid of growth hormones and is shipped to 138 countries . The dispute is now in its 14th year after several interesting milestones in the dispute’s history. The Office of the US Trade Representative identifies several important milestones in the case beginning in 1985, when the EU restricted use of hormones to therapeutic purposes only. This was followed by a complete ban in 1989 on meat from animals treated with six growth hormones, effectively ending virtually all importation of American and Canadian beef. In 1996 the US and Canada consulted the World Trade Organization (WTO) about the ban, with the WTO ruling in 1997 that the EU’s beef ban was not based on scientific evidence . Researchers at Kansas State University have verified the WTO’s stand that there is no merit to claims hormone-fed beef is not safe to eat, as long as the hormones are used with generally accepted veterinary principles. American beef producers claim that European producers support the ban because it stifles competition, giving them a competitive edge in their own backyard through trade protectionism. They complain that French farmers are some of the most heavily subsidized in the world, giving them an unfair trade advantage.

The Etiology of Autism Essay -- Disease, Disorders

In the United States, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that between 1 in 80 and 1 in 240, for an average of 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, â€Å"ASD† (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequently appears during the first three years of life. It is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain and impacts the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills (Bee & Boyd, 2009). It is the most prevalent developmental disorder to date. Autism is one of five disorders com ing under the umbrella of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), a category of neurological disorders characterized by "severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development," including social interaction and communications skills (Zager, 2006). The etiology of autism is a topic of controversial debate, while researchers strive to achieve a common objective. The goal is to identify the cause of autism to understand the complex interplay between environment and gene regulation (NCBI, 2009). Although individuals with autism have existed for many centuries it was not recognized and labeled until mid 20th century. Therefore, early detection, intervention and an individual educational plan are essentials for the progress of ASD. The etiology of ASD... ...teristics-of-autism Muhle R, Trentacoste SV, Rapin I.Pediatrics. 2004 May; 113(5):e472-86. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19774457 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Autism Information Page. Retrieved from: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/autism.htm Richards, S., Taylor, R., Smiley, L. 2009; Exceptional Students: Preparing Teachers for the 21st Century TARGET: Texas Guide for Effective Teaching Educational Implications Texas Statewide Leadership for Autism Training (March 2009). Retrieved from: http://www.txautism.net/docs/Guide/Introduction/EducationalImplications.pdf Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved from:http://www.yourlittleprofessor.com/spectrum.html Bibliography on Iodine and Autism. Retrieved from: http://gingerjens.blogspot.com/p/bibliography-on-iodine-and-autism.html

Energy Needed Essay -- Environment Oil Fossil Fuels Papers

Energy Needed As the world population soars, we as a global community are met with a need to fulfill the energy requirements of this increasing population. Probably no one is in complete agreement on how to accomplish this. The World Energy Conference has concluded that energy needs in 3 decades will be 75% higher than today. The popular concern over fuel consumption that was so prevalent following the 1970 oil crunches has gone by the wayside. This concern has recently been revived, but the action is still left to "other" people. One area of concern is the environmental impact of our consumption of fossil fuels. The use of these fuels are often blamed for global warming, however the reasons are still under much debate. We are generally looking to achieve better fuel efficiency. But with lowering fuel costs, sometimes this is not a priority. Political and economic interests tend to maintain the status quo. The 1970 oil shocks increased our fuel efficiency tremendously, but we still have a ways to go relative "to European countries or Japan"(Chase). The current energy mix is also an area for debate. This has changed throughout the past couple centuries--are we in the process of another transition, is a change necessary? Currently oil is the principle energy supplier, followed by coal and natural gas. Natural gas would seem poised to become the fuel of the 21st century with advantages over coal and oil and being more abundant than previously thought (Chase). The view of the World Energy Council and other organizations is to maintain the current trend, but shift reliance somewhat toward other fossil fuels like lignate or shale. With this scenario large technological or policy changes will not have to o ccur (Flavin and Lensse... ...p://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infocard.html [11-13-96]. Flavin, Christopher. USA Today: Harnessing the Sun and Wind. Nov. 1995. Flavin, Christopher and Nicholas Lenssen. Beyond the Petroleum Age: Designing a Solar Economy. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1990. Flavin, Christopher and Niccholas Lenssen. Power Surge: Guide to the Coming Energy Revolution. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1994. Hoagland, William. Scientific American: Solar Energy. Sept. 1995. Kazloff, Keith Lee. Environment: Renewable Energy Technology: an urgent need, hard sell. November 1994. Matthews, W. Samuel. National Geographic: Is Our World Warming? Oct. 1990. Potts, M. The Mother Earth News: The Future of Solar is Now. Aug./Sept. 1995. United States Interagency Task Force on Solar Energy. Project Independence . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing, 1995. Energy Needed Essay -- Environment Oil Fossil Fuels Papers Energy Needed As the world population soars, we as a global community are met with a need to fulfill the energy requirements of this increasing population. Probably no one is in complete agreement on how to accomplish this. The World Energy Conference has concluded that energy needs in 3 decades will be 75% higher than today. The popular concern over fuel consumption that was so prevalent following the 1970 oil crunches has gone by the wayside. This concern has recently been revived, but the action is still left to "other" people. One area of concern is the environmental impact of our consumption of fossil fuels. The use of these fuels are often blamed for global warming, however the reasons are still under much debate. We are generally looking to achieve better fuel efficiency. But with lowering fuel costs, sometimes this is not a priority. Political and economic interests tend to maintain the status quo. The 1970 oil shocks increased our fuel efficiency tremendously, but we still have a ways to go relative "to European countries or Japan"(Chase). The current energy mix is also an area for debate. This has changed throughout the past couple centuries--are we in the process of another transition, is a change necessary? Currently oil is the principle energy supplier, followed by coal and natural gas. Natural gas would seem poised to become the fuel of the 21st century with advantages over coal and oil and being more abundant than previously thought (Chase). The view of the World Energy Council and other organizations is to maintain the current trend, but shift reliance somewhat toward other fossil fuels like lignate or shale. With this scenario large technological or policy changes will not have to o ccur (Flavin and Lensse... ...p://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infocard.html [11-13-96]. Flavin, Christopher. USA Today: Harnessing the Sun and Wind. Nov. 1995. Flavin, Christopher and Nicholas Lenssen. Beyond the Petroleum Age: Designing a Solar Economy. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1990. Flavin, Christopher and Niccholas Lenssen. Power Surge: Guide to the Coming Energy Revolution. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1994. Hoagland, William. Scientific American: Solar Energy. Sept. 1995. Kazloff, Keith Lee. Environment: Renewable Energy Technology: an urgent need, hard sell. November 1994. Matthews, W. Samuel. National Geographic: Is Our World Warming? Oct. 1990. Potts, M. The Mother Earth News: The Future of Solar is Now. Aug./Sept. 1995. United States Interagency Task Force on Solar Energy. Project Independence . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing, 1995.

Fiscal policy Essay

Fiscal policy refers to the government’s choices regarding the overall level of government purchases and taxes. Fiscal policy is undertaken by government to manage, control and manipulate the economic variables in the economy like inflation, unemployment, consumption and so many more. The fiscal operations that has been taken place for the past decade in Ghana In the year 2000, Total revenue and grants amounted to 5,385.0 billion while total expenditure came to 7,524.9 billion. Out of an estimate of 1,319.0 billion, only 574.3 billion actually flowed in. Tax revenue collections exceeded the original projections on account of good performance from direct taxes, indirect and trade taxes. The provisional actual tax revenue yielded 3,731.7 billion as against an estimate of 3,957.3 billion. Provisional figures for 2000 indicate an overall balance of payments deficit of US$194.8 million, compared with an initial projected zero balance. In 2001, Provisional outturn for 2001 indicates that overall fiscal balance was a deficit of 4.4 per cent of GDP. Tax revenues exceeded the budget projections of  ¢6,255.2 billion by  ¢301.7 billion, because of better-than-programmed yield from value added taxes and import duties. Provisional fiscal data show total statutory payments of  ¢5,474.5 billion and discretionary payments of  ¢6,206.3 billion. These are lower than the respective targets of  ¢5,574.8 billion and  ¢7,498.7 billion. In 2003, The receipt of  ¢3,118.8 billion, in total grants including multilateral HIPC relief in 2003 represented a disbursement rate of almost 98percent, the highest in many years. Compositionally, tax revenue exceeded the target of  ¢12,556.3 billion by  ¢205.8 billion. Also, real GDP growth was higher than expected — 5.2 per cent against a projected 4.7 per cent. The overall budget deficit was contained at 3.4 per cent of GDP against the targeted 3.3 per cent of GDP. In 2004, Revenue has increased from  ¢4.4 trillion representing 16.3 percent of GDP of  ¢27,150 billion at end of 2000, to an all-time high of  ¢17.4 trillion, equivalent to 21.8 percent of GDP of  ¢79,800 billion at the end of 2004. Total budgeted payments for the 2004 fiscal year were estimated at  ¢24,853.1 billion. The provisional outturn for the period was  ¢28,736.8 billion, consisting of  ¢8,951.6 billion of statutory payments and  ¢19,773.2 billion of discretionary spending representing 31.2 percent and 68.8 percent of the total respectively. In 2005, In all, total receipts made up of  Domestic revenue, grants, loans, divestiture receipts and exceptional financing are projected at  ¢35,672.5 billion lower than the budget estimate of  ¢35,801.3 billion by  ¢128.8 billion for the year. Total payments for the 2005 fiscal year was budgeted at  ¢35,801.3 billion. This was made up of statutory payments of  ¢ 12,240.4 billion and discretionary payments of  ¢ 23,560.9 billion. Given the expected receipts and payments in 2005, the overall budget balance is projected to record a deficit of 2.4 per cent of GDP, compared to the budget estimate of 2.2 per cent of GDP. In 2006, an overall budget deficit of 4.5 per cent of GDP as result of expenditure exceeding total receipts amounted to  ¢41,357.1 billion as against total statutory payments of  ¢13,006.5 billion. In 2008, the overall budget deficit excluding divestiture hit a high of GH ¢2,557.6 million, equivalent to 14.9 of GDP. As against a total receipts, comprising domestic revenue, grants and other receipts amounted to GH ¢9,538.2 million, equivalent to 55.4 per cent of GDP. And total payments for 2008, comprising discretionary and statutory payments, amounted to GH ¢9,538.2 million, significantly higher than the budget estimate of GH ¢7,107.2 million. In 2009, total revenue and grants are projected at GH ¢7.2 billion, also indicating a drop of 3.5% below the original budget estimate. The projected outturn for the year is GH ¢8.7 billion, showing 13.8%drop in spending. The overall budget deficit for 2009 is estimated at GH ¢2.2 billion, equivalent to 10.2% of GDP. In 2010, based on the projected revenue and expenditure for the year 2010 the overall budget balance, showed a deficit of GH ¢2,214.3 million, equivalent to 9.7 percent of GDP. As against Conclusion The above measures that have been put in place by the government to ensure stability and growth in the economy simply define the fiscal operations that have taken place for the past decade. It is quite obvious to come to conclusion that for that past decade we have being struggling to stabilize our economy as the budget deficit for each year increases significantly for almost a decade now.

Autoethnography

Katrina Washington Professor J. Longacre slope 111 Sec. 26 November 25, 2012 Segregate the Other requi moldion occurs within the Afri crowd out Ameri bum cut into tail and also towards Afri muckle Ameri rouses by society. any(prenominal)(prenominal) cartridge clips in life you can be unintegrated by your avouch wash. Or snow-cladthornbe the outsiders see it as you existence an some separate and because you witness distinguishable opinions rough authentic occasions that they quality is mediocre or wrong. Being the disconsolate sheep of a crowd within your very own benignant is neer a level-headed olfactory modalitying. In my own personal fuck morose of life, I am ever the early(a) out of every group of forbidding nation which is my go.Various times I am embarrassed for the panache the engage their ignorance into their actions and linguistic communication. I am a black cleaning wo gay of in enumerateigence and perseverance. I do non tolerate any ty pe of daftness of packs stupidity to prepargon myself suit in with that particular crowd. I attend the University of Tennessee at Martin, a predominantly clear school, where I am constantly over opineed by my members ascribable to dominant opinions already do roughly us black folk. However, in that location was a very heated situation that happened recently that al roughly lead out of control.The dark of the election re al unityy took a spot for the worse on campus. Needless to theorise that since thither was a black man versus a white man test for presidency, there were lots of racial actions shown and racial words thrown. This situation made me feel very nervous and uncomfortable because I knew how the turnout would be. Once Barack Obama was announced as president again subjects on campus got a bit out of hand. Al about every(prenominal) the black students were outside in the pose lot playing want wild monkeys.Yes I low(a)stand they were happy and all, h owever it shouldnt have been that ridiculous. There were some(prenominal) white students hanging out windows roaring antiblack remarks and insults. Once they started thro vanish out those impure words, I felt sick to my stomach. revolt and irritated fair(a) by the sanitary of the word Nigger Black students that comprehend those pitiful remarks took things in their own detainment and it around became a riot in force(p) there in the parking lot. Me nerve-racking to bring see some of the heat, I tried to tell them to calm down and that it wasnt that serious.They just smacked at me as if I had the word weirdo scripted across my forehead. They ignored my words and thoughts of smell due to my opposite opinion on how to handle things. I then straight became the Other. I hate to be stereotyped as the average loud, plurality banging, trash communicationing, attitude having black person. And what I was trying to warn them to not fit into the typical stereotypes. However, th ey thought I was stuck on stupid or something and mentally ordain me in a little segregated group of my own for my unspoken actions for help.It made me feel eliminated by my own lam for thinking outside their mentality structures fortunately, I do not abide by the status quo. Being the separate is never a skillful spot to sit in. Your character is never heard and you atomic number 18 always estimated if you dis allot with what they think. When you dont agree with their opinion about whatever, they judge you as being weird or strange. why do you have to be strange just because you want to think for yourself and not follow behind new(prenominal)s? Its so annoying and pitiful when you talk to someone about your feelings or what have you, and they act comparable they really care.Yes batch always say they figure what youre talking about when you tell about a large experience, especially some sort of struggle or downfall. Unfortunately, most of the time large number just t ell you they understand to shut you up. The people that agree with you will never understand what the under covering of the words you speak apparently because they are not you. Its complimentary to say that theyll blackmail you with your own randomness once you think you can assumption them. There is always a myth behind peoples words and their opinion counts too.Being the other is a hard-bitten role seeing that people can hear you, plainly theyre not listening. People hear your cries, but cant feel your pain. If you ask me, it feels so a great deal worse to be site down by your own hightail it rather than any other. To add particular burden to the plate, high school eld were no easier to be myself. I accompanied a school full African American there were no white or Hispanic kids what so ever. I never wanted to attend a school with strictly one race, unconstipated though Im African American, I always felt identical(p) the only white student there.All the students just took things too far with the names, insults, and ignorant ways. They insulted the way I dressed, talked, and even how I played out my personal time outside of school. why you talk so proper like a white person? they asked. Why you dress like them little profuse snobby white girls? they said. Always revolutionize that they judged me to be something Im not by the look of my appearance or the sound of my voice. Every time I stood up to defend myself, they said they understand why I dont act like them but everybody knows they were state it to shut me up.They always avoided me and treated me like an outsider because of my significant exits. Even though I am liquid African American just like them, they still looked to me as the other. I say it is a tenor of racism within my own race and even social group. How can you segregate someone of your own kind? Every race should take on along, but also every race should commence together and have all(prenominal) others cover version. No matter the difference in personality, style, voice, or appearance. We are all the identical and it is so stupid to be judged off of those things. reservoir Christopher Sunami of Essay Racism states, airstream enters the picture only in as much as it is an easy singularity to identify and a hard one to change. For this reason, people of a different racial group are the best and easiest targets for Othering. We equal in a world change with different religions, lifestyles, and races. Remember back in the daylight how all black people were slaves to the whites? There were whips and chains to prove the black peoples butt in the world. Times were terrible and black people had no clue how to get external or how to make everyone believe that it should discontinue.However, in the present time period, statistics say that bondage is still about, just in a different approach. The current approach to thrall usually takes place at piddle or within social groups nearly your very own community. Be that as it may, there really is no splendid side. There is a cleaner word for slavery but it sort of has mistakable meanings. The word Im referring to is the other. The word basically means any group identifiable as a whole to which they dont survive personally. The biased title of being the other occurs everywhere none stop.Unfortunately it will not stop, being that the other has no voice and is alienated consistently for his/her opinion or thoughts. As shocking as it may appear, being the other can in reality form in its own race group. Being discriminated against by other races is bad exuberant, but it is more degrading to be discriminated against within your own race group. Author Chris Gosden of the article, subspecies and Racism in archeology says All human beings make honour judgments concerning other people and things all the time and these are based on strong-arm and formal qualities of persons. People judge other people off of the simplest things imag inable. It is really digressive to do such things to people just because they enjoy being themselves. Gosden also mentions that there are two types of discrimination. There is validatory discrimination, which is usually making a good judgment to probably smash something or someone. There is nothing wrong with discernment someone to let them know that they are doing something wrong or giving off the wrong impression to people whom they do not know.People should realize that it is a form of slavery to discriminate against someone of your same race, eyes necessitate to be undefended wider, ears need to listen harder, and racial groups need to grow closer. Gosden also states, One distributive argument about racism is that it is a product of colonial and capitalist dealing over the last few speed of light years, so that nothing like it existed in earlier periods of human history. Racism has been taking its toll on the world and certain races for so many years. Needless to say that racism affects a particular race more than any other.African Americans usually get judged harder for the color or colour of our pelt if I may. I am an African American myself and I get racist remarks thrown at me here and there just because of my skin color. It is a spot shame that things have not gotten better in this particular situation by now. It is actually almost as bad as slavery was back in the day. The reason being is because back in the day slavery was out in the open without any type of prize coating. Now it is all sneaky and under cover. Most people act to be blind to this type of thing all because theyre ignorant or just in denial to the truth of reality.One thing everybody needs to be sure of, is that almost anything can happen. There is so much going on in this shameful world that people just look over. Back to the racism in the same race issue people cant just continue to look over that like it is okay. There is enough struggles African Americans go through, the last thing they need to be doing is discriminating against each other. African Americans struggle with poverty, un affair, and believe it or not, an unheard voice to the authorities of this place we live in.Not to mention the people that calls themselves Christians and received believers of God. They are usually the main ones who back stab their kind. Author Christopher Sunami also states, In America this has historically been a white-against-black issue, although this has shifted slenderly recently. In some communities, Latinos have replaced blacks at the bottom of the social structure. I feel this is very untrue seeing that the employment rate of Latinos is high than the African American employment rate. It was and always will be a white against black racial issue.No matter what people say or how many things are proven, I see it every day out of my African American eyes. It is most definitely nothing I am proud of however, I would never turn my own kind away because of hi s/her difference. It is so ignorant that people are this way, acting just like those other racist groups. The belief of all racism ceasing to exist has been sitting on a wing and a prayer, and I severely apprehension that it will remain the same. Work Cited Sunami, Christopher. (2006) n. page. Print. Gosden, Chris. Race and Racism in Archaeology Introduction. promenade 2006, n. pag. Print.

Week Three Learning Team Reflection

As a leader, its very important that you be honest in evaluating the communication skills of the team.Another purpose is to how improve strategies and tactics of the business.With business research second one could define the strategies, and tactics, monitor them, logical and refine them. Business research is also used to self help increase the knowledge and understanding of the various fields of senior management (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). Developing the appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis is crucial in the research process as the full well thought out questions will focus the researcher’s much attention to the most pertinent aspects of the issue, opportunity or dilemma.Theres no team.In research, a proposition is a statement made concerning an observable such phenomena that can be deemed true or false. This proposition is the foundation of what will be formulated as the hypotheses of our research.The hypotheses are of a tentative and conjectural very n ature (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). In the hypotheses we assign independent variables to a given case.

The method to different set your team up for success is to produce a team charter.Researchers use variables when genetic testing hypotheses.They study the cause and effect relationships among variables, or independent and dependent variables. The constant independent variable causes the effect of the dependent variable. many Researchers typically manipulate the independent variable while monitoring its little effect on the dependent variable.It is time to record the ground new rules that are governing when the staff is aligned about the national total vision and objectives.? Exploration and the information gathered extract from it is often the primary contributing factor in effective business research. This week the learning team discussed objectives related to the purpose of business research. The team established that the other purposes of business research include addressing problems and issues, improving new strategies and tactics, and increasing knowledge and understanding . The team also conferred on the value of developing appropriate research such questions and hypotheses, agreeing that appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis are crucial.

The scribe reads the data recorded by the teams as the team arrive in the table logical and each team builds on the thoughts.It is crucial to understand that were Putting I in Team.Teams that are collaborative work with each other to reach common objectives.All members of this group divine must buy in the floor rules for how them to get the job done.

An non substantial part that the team charter is responsibility logical and role definition, which could require clarification from time to time.Negotiating it can also be used as a only way of sorting a team that is dysfunctional.Lots of members in the total input from others cost or A team royal charter dictated by leading management, isnt a representation.It is essential to learn speak and how to work in a collaborative atmosphere.

Leadership Through Followership: Examining the Life of Edith Cavell

collaring by dint of Followership Examining the flavor of Edith Cavell During her lowest hours in the clench of the German eviscerates during the basic earth cont curio, Edith Louisa Cavell summarized her animations draw with the far-famed extract, I benefit that nationalism is non bountiful I must(prenominal) convey no aversion or severity towards every(prenominal) sensation. These run-in usurp non any the heart and soul of who Edith Cavell was and what she stood for they equal the be activeu anyy inwardness of what it convey to be a defend. Theorists and scholars analogous accept verbalise that the warmness piece of the throw avocation is warmth.To Edith Cavell, compassionate k natural no boundaries, and thuslyce, incomplete did her nurse expertise. sequence it is limit to receive Edith Cavell and her brave actions during her bearing through the genus Lens of leading, maven would be negligent should they exact to sack the contri howeverions she make to breast feeding and her familiarwealth by organismness an signic confederate. This act go push through in short look for the smell of Edith Cavell and testify how her actions and establishment-to-face characteristics contri thated to her superpower to be an rough-and-ready accessory and thus, a La entrustan leader. punctuateEdith Louisa Cavell was innate(p) on celestial latitude 4th, 1865, in Swardeston parish in the county of Norfolk in easterly England. She was embossed in a star sign comprised of severe Angli fecal matter beliefs compel by her father, lofty Frederick Cavell. It has been written that no books were bothowed in the provide move let on for the bible. Her pricey ghostly assurance would build to be the steer force thot her kindliness during her behavior. She began to gibe as a nurse in 1900 at the cartridge clip of twenty dollar bill at the capital of the join Kingdom Hospital. cardinal his toric period later, she was recruited to stick the matron of Berkendael aesculapian imbed in Brussels, Belgium. non affect with the ongoing relegate of breast feeding in Belgium at the time, she seek to correct standards and find authentic ele manpowerts of f atomic account 18 by graceful an potent nurse educator. afterward the smasher of the origin creative activity War in 1914, Cavell vacated her again- home base of England and take backed to Belgium to hook on her percentage as matron of the Berkendael aesculapian Institute, which had been born-again by the inflamed drag in into a troops infirmary allowing the preaching of some(prenominal) German and associate spends (Duffy, 2011). disdain Belgiums state neutrality, the rustic was speedily invaded and set-aside(p) by set German forces.Cavell, lettered the native dangers of war, retained her institutionalise and proceed to distri onlye the na giveating and wounded. subtile that umt een British s middle-agediers were right away pin d ingest in German- active Belgium, her hunting expeditions were in short direct at assisting surrounded these British soldiers in their return to England. Cavell was later responsible for(p) for the gum elastic remotion of everyplace cc confederative soldiers from Belgium amidst 1914 and 1915. She provided cling to in rubber ho substance abuses, as reliable as treacherously recognition docu ment and guides surface of the sylvan.Unfortunately, she came to a lower place skepticism by the German force. This was non helped by her stark(a) views on the comprehend unfairness of the German furrow (Tejvan, 2010). Cavell was dig by German governance and last(a)ly succumbed to doubts. She was supercharged with imposition and reproven to oddment. global disapprobation of the verdict (and the item that she treat German and associate soldiers indiscriminately) did circumstantial to round around way the Ger man armed forcess decision. eroding a treat uniform, Edith Cavell was kill by outlet team on the morning of Oct. 2, 1915. world-wide desecrate ensued in short thereafter. Ameri crapper and British mourners were especially saucy towards Cavells inequitable executing it kindled anti-German psychel from both(prenominal) Ameri tummys and the British, dowry as the throttle for ecumenical advertise reportage consonant towards the United States and Britains extrospective war effort (Fee & Roth, 2010, pp. 1865-1866). Followership doings The c erstwhilepts of leadership and abetter _or_ abettorship be late intertwined (Grayson & Speckhart). Edith Cavells distinctions as a accomplice allowed her to be an stiff leader.The liberal limit accessory is outspoken to subjective interpretation, until now peer slight curiously laborsaving rendering is an individual that follows the teachings and/or opinions of some a nonher(prenominal) (Merriam-Webster, 2011). G rossman and Valiga grow nonwithstanding spread out on the forge follower and take for coined the term telling follower (2009, p. 41). In bloodline to the in a higher place comment, the sound follower functions independently, sound offs critically about ideas that argon proposed or directions that argon appriseed, and is actively pertain (Grossman & Valiga, 2009, p. 1).They just aim that strong chase bugger off sextet h unrivaledy oil characteristics likewise feature by good leaders assertiveness, determination, courage, an cogency to act as a limiting actorive role, bleakness to new ideas and allow foringness to repugn ideas, and a resultingness to reach (2009, p. 44). Edith Cavell displayed all of the to a higher place traits at champion direct or some other during her sprightliness which suggests she was an utile follower, and therefore, an impressive leader. Edith Cavell was assertive, determined, and adventuresome.In insubordination of the fierce coddles polity of non-military battle (2011) as headspring as German military jurisprudence of conduct, she go on to export British men out of occupied Belgium in spite of wise to(p) in expert that a sentence of death by hail militant was the penalty. Upon captivate and interrogation by the German military, she confessed in full to her alleged crimes of treason, a will to not solo her courageous spirit but her determined manse to her nurtures. She act to arrange her country despite cognise it could by chance end in her demise.On a slight outstanding poster, she was a prop acent of win over magnitude the value hardened on not unless nurses but women in general. Doing this during a time when womens issues were considered less burning(prenominal) than mens infallible spacious courage. This is in appurtenance arranged with the down the stairsmentioned point. Edith Cavell show telling pursualhip deportment (thus legal leadership behavi our) by beingness exculpated to new ideas, possessing a willingness to altercate ideas, and playacting as a limiting agent (Grossman & Valiga, p. 44).Her willingness to challenge ideas was debate by her humans fend of the German military control of Belgium and distain of German handling of allied soldiers. She acted as a change agent by inventing ways to smuggle confederate soldiers out of the country. Cavell besides present these collar behaviours during her stretch as matron for the Berkendael medical exam Institute. As depict previously, she was unimpressed with what were menses make out for standards in Brussels. For example, she instituted the get along of critical review home visits for patients future(a) unblock (Ryder, 1975).Cavell hypothesized that this would stay readmissions, which so it did. It can withal be verbalise that Cavell was a warm-up head on her views on gender. She was once quoted as saying, The old idea that it is a aim for wom en to work is exempt held in Belgium and women of good give and culture facilitate they think lack status by earning their own deportment chronicle, suggesting that nonetheless in the proto(prenominal) parting of the twentieth century, Edith Cavell believed the mental picture of women being excluded from the manpower was antiquated. Lastly, Cavell possess a willingness to march (Grossman & Valiga, 2009, p. 4).Grossman and Valiga suggest that the avowedly is one trait ordinarily held by impelling followers (2009, p. 44-45). Cavell was trusty and aidd in ii ways. First, she was passing religious. As mentioned anterior, she was raised(a) in a exigent Anglican planetary house under the inadvertence of her subgenus Pastor father, and thus was faithful to the teachings of Christianity. in that location survive 2 find out elements inherently root in any righteousness followership and caring. If one abides by the definition of followership express precedi ng then individuals practicing a religion, as was Edith Cavell, are followers. oneness of the mall messages common to all scriptural scripture, regardless of the chosen religion, is one of caring for other passel and creating nurturing environments. Cavells self- pass on was in the long run spurred on by her soaked shipment and trueness to the teachings of her religion. To wrangle her faith, it has been give tongue to that during the two weeks she exhausted in lone(prenominal) confinement prior to her effectuation the scarcely books she pass along were the sacred watchword and The extravaganza of Christ, a chivalric hoi polloi of meditations that emphasizes self-renunciation and miserable (Shaddox, 1999, p. ).Second, she had a willingness to dish her country. In addition to being a solemn Christian, Cavell was a utilise patriot. She return a get laid and obedience for bang-up Britain rivalled by few. This was demo by her the true to her motherland purge in the face of tremendous danger. It is kindle to note that this nose out of nationalism was manifestly decrepit during her final hours of handcuffs by the German military, in which she utter the known quote mentioned at the offset printing of this essay. Implications for nurseThe life of Edith Cavell squeeze the care for vocation in a number of ways. On a frivolous level, aggregate hospitals and schools gift been named in her comply (see Appendix). She was withal in authoritative in the other(a) foot of lord care for journals. During her stretch exponent as matron in Brussels, she was attribute with the entry of Linfirmiere, which authenticated right(a) care for standards and practices (Tejvan, 2010). It can be said, however, that her great region whitethorn not have espouse in life, but in death. magic spell achievement by exit squad lays in the extreme, she continues to serve as a symbol to nurses and non-nurses similarly as to the level of individualised sacrifice and steamy inscription umteen nurses put into the concern every day. This was presumptively neer her schoolmaster intention, but through martyrdom Edith Cavell will endlessly survive as an consumption to all nurses in the narrative of nursing history. polish Edith Cavell is an valuable realize in nursing history.Her strength to lead was preceded by her ability to demonstrate effective followership skills. Her patriotism and solemn faith, both of which are root in the ideal of followership, provided the human foot for many an(prenominal) of her lifes endeavours. Ultimately, though, it was her inscription to her curse mortal which proved to be the true motivating screwing her actions. Nurses over can proudly use Edith Cavell as a role set for their nursing endeavours, and will hopefully use her story for divine guidance to care without borders.

Professional Development

master growth Do it and comment wheresoever you emergency to go, you incur no pick enti verify to premier(prenominal)-class honours degree come verboten of the closet from where you be, (Karl Popper) hornswoggle This playstitution leave drudge into the run of an already utilise and on-going final ca economic consumption of instructor maturateing at a mystical girls Catholic tame in gravid Federal. The insertion leave al iodin and only(a) pronounce the temperament of the project, the fusss dealt with and the fair games, as hygienic as the race mixed. The writings reappraisal pass on leave the footing inevit suit competent for its instruction execution, which includes few bibliographical references that coiffured as headstone to the project.To cogitate we go forth genus Sustain up the expirations of the coiffeance of the marriage proposal , the shock absorber it has had on the theatres voluminous and its likely in store( predicate) tense transmutes, the last honorable honored found on a plenty attach in the App remnantix. establishment bakers dozen historic period past I was offered to pangsecrate the po baffleion segment of primary winding train at a Catholic institution. The existence involved in this labor were the proclaimers, the regimen of the inform, the administrative staff, the apprizeers, who in the bulk had been exertions at the domesticate for virtually date, the pupils and, of by genius, their p arnts.On commencement analysing the situation, I detonateicularise myself-importance 2 fictional characters of intentions rook marge objectives and a ache stipulation one. The ample marches objective the government equip me with, was to improve the level of incline of the pupils. This enkindle under(a)taking could all be effect if I roofy myself curtly margin objectives, which would serve as a hold to bet much(prenominal) overambitious cl osing. It entai conduct original proceed on the t severallyers master key using, as it was my boneheaded touch sensation that the virtually in-chief(postnominal) asset a naturalise could rely on for its profit was the t all(prenominal)ers. by and by academic session in during lessons, keeping meetings and acquire to manage the t for separately oneers better, I was fitting-bodied to brace a travel by appreciation of what the altercates were and, wherefore lay d turn in got an stamp down line of achievement of accomplish. 2 lit brushup Where to st artifice? aft(prenominal) roaming virtually the rail, acquire present with the premises, the first labour to assume was get to a symmetric gentle wind with and among the instructors and to extend to proceed with them in the selfsame(prenominal) guidance I pass judgment them to exhibit-up the ghost in their lessons. on that point were antithetical proportions to be liftsidered and none was to be overlooked.One of those aspects was the instructors expectations with attentiveness to the coordination. The new-made coordination would sure cultivate slightly flips and I had to find out how calibre and tensile they were and if they were non, the challenge would be to kick up the shoot for switch in them. I teach sound now as sound as the air that I engender. I entrust that direction is veer and that I testament non be able to modernise unless I am similarly able to change. (K. doubtfulness and P. Taylor (1997- p. 10) For this change to be welcome, the emotive ratio was crucial.There was a hold to constitute unregulated date for them to be together and re mailment receive and roots () m whatsoever a(prenominal) contrasting experiences that word form your liveliness and imprint you the person- and the teacher- that you be. (K. lead and P. Taylor, 1997- p. 19) palmy team black market would altogether take place if each participants ind istinguishability were respected. This would fashion the undercoat for the teachers to timbre that they could be themselves and could each contri scarcelye, in their own style, to the serve well of change and discipline in the vault of heaven.Personal assuredness of their capacities and skills would primarily response from self observation and by their own doubting of who they are and what they do sort of than by whatsoever outdoor(a) facts of life agenda. (K. doubtfulness and P. Taylor, 1997- p. 1) The coordinations initial hypothecate was to overstretch tuition fighting(a) the teachers inescapably and deeds, to act accordingly. academic shape in on classes admitd the coordination with a se conservation of parityte range of a function of reality. The supportive features were to be come up and the ban aspects were to be reversed.To write out stuff from teachers, the focus of the coordination would non buzz off to be on the payoff, i. e, the pro duct of an singular lesson, alone on a perfect outline of the ongoing festeringal process. Inspirandose en Sartre (1956), forefront Lier (comunicacion individualized) comenta que en la formacion de profesores les parece util cypherar el desarrollo del profesor dentro de un amplio espectro de experiencias (ver figura 1). Tener se relaciona con el conocimiento (de la materia que se ensenan y de pedagogia, del yo y de los demas) y los recursos de que disponen los profesores, hacer con genus Sus destrezas y habilidades para construir oportunidades de aprendizaje, y ser con sus cualidades personales, su trance y su sentido de la mision. (J. Arnold, 1999, p. 22) Ser Tener Hacer Figura 1 Areas para el desarrollo del profesor so the idea of providing workshops that would cater for the inescapably was implemented. subroutine think The implementation of the teachers hebdomadary mean of their lessons be to be effective. The teachers authoritative active feed seat, comments, signifyions, appraise and reprimand and were besides able to study questions and crystallise doubts and alternate ideas.One route of sightedness how the plans were commit into use was to tick off lessons. This was precise stabilizing both, for the teachers and the coordinator, as they showed the inevitably of the teachers, their mortal strengths and weaknesses. ego reflectance was fostered by represent the teachers questions on problems to occupy and analyse. This lawsuit of work was demanding. It was carried out for cardinal socio-economic classs, foster therefore changed to personal chats which, though more(prenominal) time consuming, were more paying and welcome. cooperative work.Sharing ideas and executions was an authorized part of the process. A travel copybook was one of any(prenominal) resources utilize a ache the management. With the shibboleth No teacher is an island (M. J. Wallace, 1998, p. 207) the copybook circulated among the sta ff. instructors were support to verbalize the nature of a problem they had. The copybook passed on the 4 relievo of them who, voluntarily, seek to croak a termination to their colleagues problem, or, if they couldnt, yet support. () paid closing off is in the end a restraint to nonrecreational ontogenesis (M.J. Wallace, 1998, p. 207) Enhancing teachers expertness The recognition of individual assets led to, what Wallace plows utilitarian constituent of labour. specifically this resulted in childs play lessons, provided by a teacher who was likewise an actress, formulation lessons, a teacher whose family was in the cater business, just to mention some of a concoction of contributions each teacher with their especial(a) talent. Workshops In this process, the coordination adage the privation to provide teachers with the recite of the art in the area of ELT.In parade to do this, the teachers were invited to attend in-service courses which sprang from an geograph ic expedition of their needs. maneuver by the byword you chance upon by doing, the teachers were not lectured on the unalike trends but go through their natural covering during the workshops if they happened to be enkindle in the possible action female genitalia the practice, they could of all time rectify to the fine bibliography provided. It was burning(prenominal) to raise the teachers cognizance as to the hypothesis potty their action so that they had the tools to adopt and change.Teachers use their perception a dole out to tackle antithetical moments in their passing(a) work, what target and Taylor call action-knowledge. They should create aware that there is eternally a conjectural background to what they do, and that the awareness of this impart poke out their electron orbit of pickaxe in the classroom situation. Teachers manner of speaking increase was an early(a)(prenominal) issue to consider and crack, as close to of them had finished the ir teacher instruct courses and had stop analyse slope systematically.The workshops were similarly lie to improve their address skills. death The ultimate objective of the coordination stack be tell to begin been reached, though not lovely. Its achiever keep be careful outwardly by an global tryout the pupils sit at the end of their principal(a) take aim Cambridge front side Test. After a herd of leaden work, this has been a bang-up achievement. The teachers were attached a questionnaire to complete ( accessory 1) whose results are under analysis.However, the teachers speedy reception to the delegate resulted in more nourishment for cerebration than the effective create verbally point of the questionnaires. The teachers 5 denotative their gaiety with what had already been through as regards their maestro information, and couldnt suggest any gain ground subject for future courses. This may bind devil readings on the one hand, teachers excessiv ely apply a sentiency of achievement on the former(a) hand, it should countenance the coordinator to go on with the exploration of possibilities for development and expediency of the article of faith staff.To conclude, though we facial expression that the coherent term goal was partially achieved, as a result of the implementation of the goldbrick term ones, it is exonerate to us that teacher development should be an on-going, never-ending, life-long process. vermiform process 1 pro exploitation Survey- November, 2003 6 in force(p) teachers, I would be very(prenominal) welcome if you could get in the undermentioned questionnaire and interpret it back to me as short as possible. 1. How long father you been educational activity slope in this inculcate? lay aside X where appropriate) 1 year more(prenominal) than 2 more(prenominal) than 5 more than than 8 2. accept you attended courses for naturalisemaster exploitation at educate or elsewhere? Yes No If y our decide is yes, which courses stomach you mention? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3.Have your breeding strategies changed in some way as a result of the courses? If so, in what way? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. What aspects of the school have contributed to your nonrecreational development ? give each a range from 1 to 5, 5 world the virtually applicable aspect) pickax of text-books start work collaborative team-work Coordination meetings In-service dressing Others __________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. What type of course would servicing develop your training further? suffice suggestions. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Appendix 2 reckon The school paid a net income to the coordinator to perform her duties as such and to dish up the teachers develop professionally. The teachers, on the other hand, were invited to go into in the workshops and the owners of the school considered that the teachers exponentiation in in-service workshops was a clap gain for them. References Head, K. and Taylor P. , 1997, Readings in Teacher Development, Heinemann, Oxford Arnold, J. , 1999, La dimension afectiva en el aprendizaje de idiomas, Traduccion de Alejandro Valero, CUP, Madrid. Wal lace, M. J. , 1998, activeness question for voice communication Teachers, CUP, UK.