Discuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct Essay

Adolescence describes the transitional gunpoint in a teenagers lifetime, from childhood to adulthood, where an soulfulness evolves physically, psychologically, emotionally, cognitively and socially. It is a defined social stratum that is expressed finished immaturity and unpredictability and allows an somebody to learn and line up their gumption of self and unmarriedity. The idea of adolescence came into perspective after children were expected to narrow on adult roles as soon as they were mature profuse to, divergence straight from puberty to adulthood. As society changed and moulded, so did the ideas almost life stages, which is unambiguous in Eriksons theory.Adolescence is the perfect example of our unexampled societies social construction. A social construct is a sociological theory based upon categorised groups in modernised agricultures, devised by social constructionists who view knowledge of reality as naturalised. Adolescence was invented because of these so cial constructions in westernised cultures which depend entirely on the society in which it is used. Although the concept of adolescence is usually used and referred to in westernised cultures, it does non exist in most exploitation countries as they arent exposed to the resources which educates them about it. Instead of going through adolescence, teenagers in developing countries go straight from childhood to adulthood and eat no time to develop interests or a sense of identity.Erik Erikson established a theory about the life stages of a human, starting from babyhood and ending at maturity (65+). Through the use of a aging table, Erikson was able to emphasize a wide and cohesive trim of life skills and abilities that function together within an individual. Although he discussed all of the life stages, he focused on the adolescent period more exhaustively as he felt that it was a crucial stage for an individual to develop their identity. The identity versus role confusion is a crisis which is typically evident during early to middle adolescence. It outlines the struggle an individual faces in finding stableness between developing asense of forming a unique identity while still existence accepted and fitting in with society.Erikson believed that when teenagers adequately navigated their way through this crisis, they would transpire into having a clear understanding of their individual identity and easily share this new self with others. However, if an individual is ineffectual to navigate their way through this crisis period, they may be uncertain of who they are which prat result in a lack of understanding, leading to disjunction from society and the people around them. If youth become stuck at this stage they go out be unable to become emotionally mature adults, match to Eriksons theory. This period of an individuals life allows them to investigate possibilities which will lead them to discovering their own identity based upon the result of their explorations.A westernised culture that reports the life stage of adolescence are the Indigenous Aboriginals of Australia. The aboriginals embrace adolescence by zesty in a tradition cognise as Walkabout, which passes a male child from childhood to adulthood. Although this tradition has been around for centuries, some Aboriginals in todays society still partake in it but have set some of the regulations. Walkabout refers to the journey an adolescent boy undertakes, alternating from a fixed back playful child to a responsible and mature man. throughout this deeply spiritual and reflective stage of an Aboriginal boys life he will experience a greater tie-in to the flat coat and nature, which ultimately becomes a part of their identity as a man. At the beginning of time the ancestors created paths for the men to follow while going on Walkabout, leading them through songs and ceremonies that connected them to important waterholes, food sources and landmarks.These paths were kno wn as songlines and essentially enhanced their cultural and spiritual connection with the land and their ancestors. After 6 months of living in the wilderness and exploring who they are as a person, they return with a sense of wholeness within themselves and with human around them enabling them to pass through adolescence and into adulthood. sub-Saharan Africa lies south of the Saharan desert and is one of the most challenging places for an adolescent to screw. Most of the teenagers that live in Sub-Saharan Africa arent given the opportunity to experience adolescence as they tend to go straight from being a child to being an adultand taking on fully fledged adult responsibilities. The wellness and safety of an adolescent girl in this area can be placed at risk, as they are often forced to put away childhood before theyre ready, limiting their chances to grow as a person, gain an instruction and a sense of identity.Being a unfledged girl in Africa, it is not only unfortunate, b ut also precise park to fall pregnant and have a baby at the age of 16 or younger. Due to this, many girls have to hand school and are forced into the world of adulthood. Enduring motherhood at a young age can make a girl particularly vulnerable to violence and most girls that live in Sub-Saharan Africa may experience abuse at least once in their life. Sexual violence and pressured sex is common, especially among female adolescents and young women. young mothers are more likely to experience complications or death delinquent to pregnancy and childbearing. In Australia, teenagers experience what its like to go through adolescence by developing a sense of identity, achieving independence, developing a authoritative state of mind and discovering skills for future life stages.Although all these things can positively impact the period of adolescence, some teenagers may use this to their advantage and can endure in some dangerous behavioural activities. The most common adolescent ac tivity that most Australians experience, is schoolies. Schoolies marks the end of tertiary education and adolescents embark on this by going on a spend with their friends of choice, partying and experimenting with alcohol and even drugs. From youth to adulthood, schoolies week is seen as a transitional period of an individuals life which marks the transition from the discipline of school to the bury of freedom that they partake in. In conclusion, adolescence is a period of ones life where an individual can embark on new experiences, gain a sense of identity, learn about themselves and discover who they are as a person. Although not all people go through adolescence, it is a major development period for a persons life and if they choose to embrace this positively it will benefit them for the rest of their lives.

Functional areas in Tesco and Oxfam Essay

1. IntroductionIn this report I am going to comp atomic number 18 functional playing areas of two contrasting organisations Tesco and Oxfam. Tesco is aiming at achieving profit, seting and offerring services and products to customers.Oxfam is a non-profit organisation, wait oning nation in crisis. Tesco is a British multinational grocery and general mathematical product retailer, it has stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America and is the grocery market leader in UK, where it has a market share of slightly 30%. Oxfam is an world-wideistic confederation of 17 organisations working in 90 countries worldwide to find solutions to pauperism and related injustice rough the world. It helps to forget reproduction, education and fiscal aid to people in developing countries and cataclysm areas.2. Functional areas in organisationsFunctional area is a person, area or section which carries out a particular business function, for example, Administration, Custome r Service, Distribution, Finance, clement Resources, ICT, merchandising, gross revenue, Production or look into and growing. The main purpose of having functional areas in business is ensuring that tot entirelyy authoritative activities are carried out efficiently and accurately. This is alpha if the business wants to achieve its aims and objectives specific areas will be trustworthy for funding specific types of aims and objectives, for example, sales and marketing will be involved in developing new markets or increasing sales, finance would be monitor and keeping costs low to improve profitability.2.1.Functional areas of TescoThe main activities of Finance plane section arerecording all the business transactions (expences and incomings)measuring the financial performance of Tesco (how well or badly Tesco is doing financially)controlling the finances and hard currency flow so the companystays reliable (ensuring that there is exuberant coin to pay off debts, bills, emplo yees, as well as invest in new developments to gain more profit)taking timely financial decisions by comparing the predicted performance with actual performance (they would do this by comparing the financial situation from previous years with todays situation)Human resourcesrecruiting, selecting, training and developing new facultykeeping all records they have in their possesion confidential (obligation to stand by Data Protection Act)they look afterwards an emploee whilst they work in the company (training, development and promotion)MarketingMarketing Research collecting data from surveys and questionnaires, preparing presentations informing about new developmentsCustomer dish out and Services roll in the hays with complaints and problems they have, evaluating service, revieving competitors, recommending improvementsSales Promotion and Advertising making sure that promotions are clear and understandable for customersProductionresponsible for making services that are provided by Tesco (offices, vehicles, retailing products)responsible for delivering the products to customersensuring that there is enough stock ready(prenominal) ( that is cont eccentricd by new technology, for example EPOS system, which will mechanically re-order if Tesco is out-of-stock)Administration departmentcreates an ordered way of working which enables the busines to function smoothlybrings together the various parts of the business so they can all work towards achieving the same goals ensures good communication between the management and workersall the methods and procedures should be written down in case staff is beeing changed fitting procedures for controlling and monitoring work high level of supervision andwell-motivated staff2.2. Functional areas of OxfamThe Global Ambassadors have been race around the world on behalf of Oxfam. They propagate the cognition about the issues like, for example, climate change, conflict resolution, womens rights, international arms trade tr eaty, and others. Among the Oxfams Global Abassadors are for exampleAnnie Lennox she lent her delay as the voice for TV adverts for the campaign following the 2012 earthquake in Haiti, she withal works hard on AIDS and womens issues, she in any case set up The Circle a group of influential women who numerate together to connect with women living in pauperization around the world,Coldplay, they donated acoustic version of theuir song for a new Oxfam campaign video, perform concerts for Oxfam, raddled enormous attention to the Make Trade Fair campaign ( dungeons poor people impact by unfair trade rules),Colin Firth, his work ia wide-ranging, he has helped highlight issues, pronounces to the media and wright articles, hosts fundraising events in USA and Italy,Helen Mirren supports Control Arms campaign, travelled to due south Africa to meet victims of domestic violenceand firearms crimes and Uganda to highlight the civil war there and weightlift for peaceful solution,Sca rlett Johansson, she is a part of We Can campaign, which aims to break down attitudes that support violence against women, she also supports GROW campaign (fighting world hunger) and Haiti Earthquake Appeal, also designed a handbag for Mango on behalf of Oxfam to raise money for the appeal. Executive Director Winnie Byanyima appointed in May 2013) provides strategic guidance, support, expertise and coordination across the global organisation. Through its 17 affiliates , oxfam works with people in over 90 countries to provide human-centered relief in crisis, put poor and marginalised people to gain social and economic equality.Working with thousands of local anaesthetic anaesthetic partner organisations, Oxfam International works with people living in poverty striving to exercise their human rights and take control of their lives. They focus their efforts in these areas Development they work with and through partners and communities on long-term designs to eradicate poverty an d combat justiceEmergencies deliver immediate life-saving assistance to people affected by natural disasters or conflictCampaigning raise populace awerness of the causes of poverty and encourage ordinary people to take action advocacy press decision-makers to change policies and practices that reinforse poverty and injusticePolicy research speak with authority as a result of research and analysis, and the real know of the partners in developing countries Oxfam GB (one of the affiliates of Oxfam International) has a wide roll out of indemnity, computer programme and research staff, whose shared expertise ranges from public health engineering to lobbying international institusions for changeOxfams Advocacy advisers work to change public policies and practices in shipway that will have a positive impacton poor peoples lives. Advocacy can take place at a renewal of levels from local communities through to international institutions, and include the variety of methods including lobbying, media work, popular run and changing public attitudesOxfams humanitarian personnel are responsible for a wide range of activities, including advising Oxfams international regions on humanitarian response, building regional capacity to respond to emergencies, leading programme development work on key areas such as WASH, public health, provender security, HIV and AIDS, protection, gender, and preparedness. They also deliver advocacy on humanitarian issues in developed countries and provide security management adviceProgramme Implementation Oxfams country and regional staff work with the programme policy advisers to appliance our programmes in more than sixty countries. Programme staff work with local partners to develop, implement and evaluate a variety of initiatives, offering a range of support through training and capacity-building, networking with other similar organisations, and financial supportProgramme Policy Oxfams collective wealth of expertise and knowledge includes development professionals, who provide global advisory support to Oxfams astronomic number of projects and programmes across more than sixty countries.Programme policy advisers assist in improving the coherence, quality, and impact of Oxfams programmes and ensure that we learn from good and advanced work through facilitating programme-focused learning processes and resourcesResearch enables Oxfam to look ahead and program strategically for a fast-changing context. It sharpens and underpins the credibility of Oxfams campaigns and helps us design, monitor and pass judgment theimpact of our country-level programmes.Oxfams global researchers lead on researching and writing policy papers and campaign reports, keep abreast of new ideas that may nourishment into future policies or advocacy work or shape our programme thinking, and build Oxfams research capacity and qualityOxfams old Management staff are responsible for ensuring the quality, effectiveness, and accountability of Oxfams portfolio of humanitarian, development, and campaigning work around the world Volunteers play a key role in helping Oxfam achieve its missions to reduce poverty and injustice around the world, they work throughout all the departments, they fulfill the variety of roles and tasks and they are substantive part of every non-profit organisation.3 ConclusionDespite many differences in functioning between Tesco and Oxfam (where Tesco works for profit and Oxfam is non-profit organisation) there are authoritative similar areas that ensure that organisations activities and tasks are completed properly. This is important for the business if its going to achieve its aims and objectives. So both of the organisations haveIT staff, who deal with website, hardware and software problems, security and confidentiality issues, they are connect with HR department and Administration as most of the communication and storing data happens electronically Marketing and Research who identifies and tries to meet customer needs, works on new solutions and developmentsSales team is responsible for direct contact with customers, they also are linked with Marketing and all kinds of advertisingFinance department looks at income and outgoings of the business, as well as fundraising and collecting money for various campaigns Tescos area is retail and maximasing profit, gaining new customers and keeping the existing ones, so the structure is silky and compact. Oxfams activities are much more varied, from gaining income from charity shops, concerts and events, through well-grounded work that advocats do to change regulations, to hands on material help and organising rescue for people affected by natural disasters.

Aria and Mother Tongue Essay

In the story Aria by Richard Rodriguez and Mother oral communication by Amy erythema sol ar both authors write about their experiences and struggles as a bilingual child. In Aria and Mother Tongue they describe their private language as an expression of intimacy with their loved ones. Growing up at one point they felt embarrassed and ashamed of their parents inability to let out English fluently. Tan writes My mothers contain English limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English, (Tan 543). They were their parents connection to the outside world and a good deal had to be the voice of their family. Rodriguez and Tan both believe that theres more options and advantages once they became Americanized. The social and political advantages I enjoy as a man result from the day that I came to believe that my name, indeed, is Rich-heard Road-ree-guess. (Rodriguez 518).Rodriguez and Tan emphasize the importance of language and the power it holds either intimately or publicly. The assumption you can make about the authors personas is that they have a surd bond and love for their intimate language. Despite the similarities there are in any case many differences. Rodriguez comes from a Latin background in which both parents pronounce Spanish and Tan comes from a Chinese background. Tan grew up in American Chinese culture and embraces societies language (English) while being adequate to preserve her intimate language. Unfortunately, Rodriguez faced many obstacles due to the language roadblock and was not able to preserve his intimate language. The authors purposes for the essays are to show the importance and influence that language has on culture.

Pioneers, oh pioneers

How does the view underscore the main conflict and the sum for compositors geekization? Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Setting 2 2. 1 Dominica 3 2. 2 Dr cyclooxygenases house 4 2. 3 Ramages house 5 2. 4 Comparison royal pathway and foodstuff alley 7 3. Conclusion 8 4. Bibliography 10 5. H nonp argonilsty Statement 11 This seminar physical composition analyses the different functions of the setting in denim Rhyss diddle bol atomic number 53y Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers. The causality Jean Rhys was born in 1890 and brought up in Roseau, Dominica (Rhys 1981 10).Her father was rip off and her mother Creole (Rhys 1981 6), so she grew up etween dickens worlds. Savory underlines that this is manifested in her divided attitude towards heathen identities (1998 35). Rhys was an author of novels, short stories and an autobiographical instalment which is c solelyed Smile Please. scarce not notwithstanding this book is autobiographical. Jean Rhys had al nigh always some auto biographical aspects in her stories. To her friend David Plante, who after(prenominal)wards became the ghostwriter of her autobiography, she verbalize l cant make issues up, I cant invent.I w atomic number 18 no imagination. I cant invent fiber. I dont think I k at a time what office is. I barely write ab tabu what happened (1983 52). In Pioneers, Oh Pioneers, which was originally published under the name Dear Darling Mr Ramage in The Times and afterwards became a actuate of the story collection Sleep It Off Lady (Rhys 1976), the proof referee will excessively find some autobiographical aspects. The female squirt prot sometime(prenominal)nist Rosalie is aged 9 (Rhys 1970 12)1 and her father is the local ready (Hooper 2005122).In 1899 Rhys was the homogeneous age and her father also had decided to become a doctor (Rhys 1981 68). Malcolm and Malcolm point proscribed that Ramage is neither discolour nor ignominious near desire Jean Rhys was. In her family she was the one with the palest skin (Rhys 1981). Do you imagine yourself a West Indian? She shrugged. It was such a long time ago when I left. So you dont think of yourself as a West Indian writer? Again, she shrugged, and said nothing. What about face? Do you consider yourself an English writer? No Im not Im notIm not rase English (Plante 198344). Jean Rhys depended nowhere to be fit. To come to circumstances with this experiences, Rhys uses the character Mr Ramage in Pioneer, Oh, Pioneers. She adopts his eccentricity, notwithstanding apart from that, she gives im a rather different story (Hooper 2005 122). exclusively references from the short story are from Rhys, Jean. Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers. Sleep it Off Lady. London Penguin Books, 1979, 11-21. The pastime analytic thinking will start with a short definition of the term setting and a closer investigation of the general setting in the short story.Further more, this seminar paper is aimed to show the link surrounded by n ature and the excited state of the main character Mr Ramage. Besides, the main issue of the story, namely the cultural clash amongst the black and the white insulars, will be analyzed. To fracture a general nderstanding of the main topic of this seminar paper, namely the setting of the short story Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers, the definition of Michael J. Toolan is to be conside rose-cheeked. He points out that We uniform, in our see of narratives, to know where we are, and look for clear spatiotemporal indications of Just where and when a thing happened. (1988 102). In answer to the question of the point in time during which the legal carry through of the plot takes quarter, the indorser finds out that It was still the nineteenth century, November 1899 (11). According to Malcolm and Malcolm this view sharpens he inability of Ramage to fit in the community of the is field tribe. It symbolizes the situation of Ramage being caught between two farmings (1996 85). He is neithe r Creole, nor a proper English man, because he is trying more and more to disassociate himself from England, for example by marrying Isla. Her given name, Isla, the Spanish for Island, may suggest that Ramage has embraced the island itself (Hooper 2005 124). The bodyguard 1899 also implies that the action at law occurs at the time of colonialism. To have an overview of the history of the society living in that location at that time, the reader may onsider that the West Indies were discover as a place where tobacco and sugar grew in truth well and one capacity earn money by planting in that respect and shipping the goods apart. For this dry land thousands of plenty from Africa were departed to the West Indies to work there as slaves.Although in 1899 sla real was already abolished, racial segregation was still present. The majority of Dominicas population is of African descent, mainly come up toing French Creole and of the Catholic faith. (Savory 2009 2) alone the minority of white population, mostly from Europe, who believed in the Anglican Church, was still the autocratic class. They urged the black passel to adapt to their culture and rules (Smith 1974 5-6). Besides telling the reader that the story is set in the time of colonialism, the date fulfils another function.November 1899 is the twist point between two seasons, two divisions and two centuries. As Malcolm and Malcolm point out it adds to the sense of uncertainty and displacement (1996 85). The question of where the action takes place is more difficult to answer, but it will be discussed in the chapter Dominica of the seminar paper. Particular places of action re Spanish citadel, the yellow- hot merc rollise Street (1 1), the proud way (14fO and bes house. In the following chapters, those places will be analyzed in more detail. 2. Dominica Dominica plays an eventful role in the analysis of the setting, since it is probably the place where the intact plot takes place and it is fur thermore the island that accommodates the most important houses such as Ramages Spanish Castle or Dr Coxs house. Dominica is part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, in a strip of islands known as the West Indies. It is situated between the French islands of Guadeloupe to he North and Martinique to the South. (Kamyab 2009 3). former(a) islands of the Lesser Antilles are Barbados and Trinidad (Brockhaus Weltatlas 1993 255). arries Isla Harrington and at the end his wife is said to have stayed with relatives from Guadeloupe. As all these islands are directly mentioned, the reader can think that the location where the action takes place is a Caribbean island as well. Savory points out that Rosalie and Irene are clearly in Roseau, Dominica in 1899 (2009100). One fact which proves that Savorys description is very likely to be true is the reoccurring motive of the Imperial way. Along this new Imperial Road (13) Ramage looks for a place to live. He finds his new home, a mansio n called Spanish Castle.Another fact that may lead to the impression that Dominica is the place where the action takes place, is the West Indian publisher (Rhys 1976 12) which is mentioned in Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers the Dominica Herald and Leeward Islands print. First of all, the newspaper is named after Dominica, therefore the reader may conclude that this is the place where the story occurs. Furthermore, an name published in this removed newspaper mentions the Imperial Road and defines ts topic as made to attract young Englishmen with capital who would buy and develop properties in the interior (19).The real Imperial Road had a interchangeable concept. The administrator of Dominica at the period from 1899 to 1905, Henry Hesketh ships bell, developed the idea of this concept. Bell was a fine popularist and attracted a number of new venturers on Crown Lands opened up by the Imperial Road, thirty on his own estimation, who together had invested about E40,OOO by the end of 1904 (Bell Papers (12. x. 1904)). In September 1900, while on leave in London, Bell wrote a long letter to The Times nder the title Planting in Dominica, extolling the virtues of the island and motivation young men.He received many replies, three planters returning with him to Dominica later that year (Hulme 200029). The house of the Cox family is described as one room which is C full of rockingchairs, a mahogany elude, palm leafs fans, a tigerskin rug, family photographs, views of Bettws-y-Coed and a openhanded portraying of wounded soldiers in the snow, Napoleons Retreat from MOSCOW (Rhys 1979 12). Furthermore, the fact that the two girls had to go upstairs to bed (13) leads to the conclusion that this house is not a truthful one in the Caribbean.The financial situation of the Coxs is never directly mentioned in the text, but looking at the fact that they life in a house where, for example, timber-made chairs, belong to the furniture, the reader can come to the conclusion that the Coxs are a family that is well off. Here Rhys uses the setting to promote an indirect impression (Toolan 1988 104). To give some information about Dr Coxs character, a description of his desktop is used. The Times weekly edition, the Cornhill Magazine, the Lancet and a West Indian newspaper, the Dominican Herald and Leeward Islands Gazette(12), are to be found there.This indicates that Dr Cox is a man of vast reading and therefore well-educated. Objects like this handled or props are two pictures. The first one is a picture of Bettws-y-Coed, this tells the reader that the Coxs have a British origin (http//www. betws-y-coed. com 2013). The second one with the historical Napoleonic background, implies that they are a family which is interested in culture and history. The house of the Cox family is situated near the centre of the city, close to the trade Street, which is part of Irenes and Rosalies way back home (11).The description of Dr Cox sit down in an armchair with a hr ee- legged table by his side. On the table there were his pipe . Also a Times weekly edition He was not to be spoken to (12) has also a biographical aspect. The place where Rhyss father used to sit is described in a akin(predicate) way a round table with a green- shaded reading lamp, the current Times weekly edition a fortnight old, his pipe rack, and a large armchair where he sat reading and we werent allowed to disturb him or speak to him (Rhys 1981 68 f. ).Ramages home is the place where the function of the setting, namely to underline the character traits, is most recognizable. Rhys focuses on male exploitation of women, on womens resistance to and connivance with that exploitation, on marginalizes exiled fgures from the Third world, on class antagonisms and conflicts (Malcolm Malcolm 1996 11). But in Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers the champion is a male outsider (Malcolm Malcolm 1996 82). The character Ramage is also not entirely invented. The real Ramage was a well-known fgure i n Dominica.His attempt to dig a hole to reach China stands in parody of Chamberlain and Bells modernizing efforts much mining to no ultimate purpose, and with moral laxity, madness, and death Hulme 2000 10) The main intention of the fictional Ramage in Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers is to find peace Peace, thats what I am after. (14) but the save way to find it is to pay for it Youll be very much alone. (14). But this does not some(prenominal)er Ramage much. He prefers being alone and is considered to be very unsociable (12). He does not follow any invitations to dances, tennis parties and moonshine picnics (1 2f).Furthermore he does not seem to be interested in righteousness very much, for he never goes to church (13). The setting of the Imperial Road underlines this antisocial attitude. Only made to attract young Englishmen the Imperial Road is a very isolated place to live at. The closes neighbor of Ramage is the proprietor of Twickenham, Mr Eliot (14). In the germ, Ramage appeal s to the inhabitants of Dominica, whether they are black or white. He is followed about by an admiring crowd of shortsighted Negro boys (12) and regarded as a gentleman (12) by Miss Lambton. Ramage appears made to fit in. (Malcolm & Malcolm 1996 88).It is conspicuous that Rhys uses the setting to create a link between the outward style of Ramage and the one of his house, the Spanish Castle. At the when it came to looks (12), wearing his tropical kit, white suit, red cummerbund, solar pith hat (12). His eventual home, the Spanish Castle, is said to be beautiful but not prosperous (14). As the story continues, things change. Ramage is now burned-out a difficult brown, his hair fell to his shoulders, his beard to his chest. (16). With scarce wearing sandals a strap belt, on one side which hung a cutlass, on the other a large pouch. (16), he attracts the attention of the other inhabitants of the island. 5 Spanish fortress is now unkempt deserted . The grass on the lawn had gro wn very igh and the verandah hadnt been swept for days (17). Rhys uses the setting to underline the change in Ramages life. He doesnt care about how he looks like anymore and seems desperate, because he seems to be unable to catch up with the society on the island. He simply wants to find peace. He isolates himself from the island population and tries to go native, but fails. Ramages public appearance as naked, with long hair and deep brown skin, seems to indicate a serious, if flawed, attempt to go native. Ramage looks with the exception of the beard Just like depictions of the real natives of Dominica (Hooper 2005 125). Ramage may try to leave his British origin behind and to identify himself as a fixed part of the island. His whole trial with trying to live a quiet life is reflected in the appearance of his realm. By marrying Isla, Ramage splits himself off from the English society and puts down roots on Dominica.But the tidy sum who live on the island do not except this mar riage. He is said to be lost to white society (15) now. Resulting from his interracial marriage, the island population assume that he rejects the idea of the natural superiority of the British race (Wende 2012 229). When Mrs Ramage disappears, rumors are spread that Ramage might have killed her. An article published in the Gazette calls him a beastly murderer (19). Toolan points out that there is a causal or analogical relation between the setting on the one hand and characters and events on the other hand (1988 104).Dr Cox, who seems to be the only friend of Ramage, is not able to see the danger signals. When he visits his friend, the last time onwards Ramage kills himself, he gives the impression to be okay. The nasty beastly horrible Ramage. (11) was now wearing one of his linen suits, lean and pressed, and his hair and beard were trimmed. (17). He says that he smellings splendid (17) but his tend tells the truth. Here the setting, in this case the garden, gives some informat ion about the feelings of the male main protagonist.As already mentioned above, the garden is unkempt and deserted The grass on the lawn had grown very game and the verandah hadnt been swept for days. (17). Deep inside he also feels unkempt and deserted (17) because the nation throw stones at his house (18), think that he killed his wife (19) and do not accept his new way of dressing 16) and his marriage with Isla (15). That fthe servants have all walked out (17) shows that everyone left Ramage and he is all alone now, as Dr Cox predicted it before. Although he said at the beginning that he had no problem with being alone (14), he is scurvy now.Nobody seems to understand him and therefore he is not able to find the only thing he was after Peace (14). Neither fitting into black nor white society, Ramage decides to commit suicide. On the day of his funeral it was dream. 6 The comparison of the Imperial Road and the Market Street is used to clarify the function of the etting to un derline the racial segregation. In Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers,the two contrasting worlds meet physically on Market Street in the form of black and white women there (Malcolm Malcolm 1996 85). Rhys illustrates the complex hierarchy of race and class (Davis 2005) in her short story.She does this by using the setting. Like Davis points out, on Market Street the black women were barefooted, wore gaily striped turbans and highwaisted dresses (Rhys 1976 1 1), while Afro-French Madame Menzies maintained the dignity of her old-fashioned sit habit, and British Mr. Ramage lived out an imperialist antasy in his tropical kit, white suit, red cummerbund, solar topee (12). These different perspectives are linked through the cognisance of the young protagonist who rejects the reductive, hegemonic vision of colonial society (Davis 2005).When Ramage arrives on the island, he is looking for an estate and he tells Dr Cox that he was told that there were several(prenominal) places going along this new I mperial Road (13). But Dr Cox is not convinced of this plan. ANont last. (13), he says. But Ramage still decides to buy an estate located at this lonely(prenominal) road. He acquires Spanish Castle, one of the honest-to-goodness properties (14). The nearest estate is the one of Mr Eliot. It was used to be called Malgr Tout, but now it is called Twickenham (14) after a London suburb.Wende points out that this renaming represents the British sovereignty (2012 227). In contrast to the young men, like young Errington, young Kellaway, who had bought estates along the Imperial Road and worked hard C (14) but failed and had to sell their land after only a few time had passed, Ramage does not want to gain prosperity. The only thing he wants to find is peace (14). In one way this can be interpreted as a desired escape from Britain (Hooper 2005 124). The loud and crowded Market Street corresponds to the lonely Imperial Road.The Imperial Road seems to be a place create up by white peop le to separate themselves from the black society. It is a place where people who want to live in another country, but do not want to integrate, live. They rather want to stay among people of the same origin. This is to be noticed by the fact that there are no black people to be found on the Imperial Road. Only rich white people live there. The Market Street is the place where black as well as white people meet. As already mentioned above The few white women carried parasols. The black women were barefoot, wore gaily striped turbans and highwaisted dresses. (11) Though they are humans, all people Rosalie watches on Market Street are only part of the setting (as well as 7 the admiring negro crowd). They are used to underline the contrast between black and white on the island, and are not important as characters for the story. They are only props, as Chatman defines (1993 63). The white women do not seem to enjoy the weather. Their appearance is much darker than the one of the black wo men, who barefooted, but Mrs Menzies also passes by riding, she is therefore in the physical osition to look down on other people.This underlines the clear distance between the colonialists and the people who are colonialized. plain though slavery was abolished by this time, hierarchical structures were still present (Wende 2012 237). In Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers the white society seems to be very hostile to acts or people who do not fit in their idea of life. Not only the Market Street shows the racial segregation, but also the description of the two cemeteries. On the one hand, there is the Catholic cemetery, where all day the candles burnt almost invisible in the unlight.When night came they twinkled like fireflies. The graves were covered with flowers- some real, some red of yellow paper or little gold cut-outs. (21). This cemetery is the one where mostly black people were buried. Just like their clothes, their cemetery is described in a more vibrant way. Whereas the Anglican ce metery, which was not very far away, down the hill, was deserted and silent. (21). Just like the people, the cemeteries have some point where they seem to be alike, for they both are places where people are buried, but they have significant differences.When eferring to the people this could be interpreted as the black people are more kindly (bright) and the white are more dismissive (grey). 3. Conclusion An indigent stranger comes from off the island, usually from home, and courts and marries a local woman who, in narrative terms, is seen to represent the island itself. That story is fundamental to Rhyss work. It is the story of Mr. Ramage, in Pioneers, Oh Pioneers. And, crucially, it is the story of Rhys herself (Hulme 2000 20). In Jean Rhyss short story the setting fulfills several functions.One the one hand, it is sed to determine the place where the action takes place. As already mentioned above, the place where the entire plot takes place and where the houses which are dir ectly mentioned, such as Ramages Spanish Castle or Dr Coxs house, are to be found, is Dominica. On the other hand, the setting is used to characterize acting people in an indirec way. For example, it is never said that the Cox family is a rich one. Only the description of one room in their house with chairs made of timber and a tigerskin rug leads the reader to the conclusion that they are a family which is well off.Furthermore, the setting tells the reader important character traits of 8 Dr Cox. The description of his desktop with a lot of newspapers implies that he is intelligent and a prestigious man. Another function of the setting in Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers is to point out the racial segregation, that was still present on Dominica in 1899. Although the differences were never mentioned explicitly, it becomes clear that there is a huge discrepancy between black and white people, as the setting implies. For example, when Ramage marries Isla, he is lost to white society (15).In thei r eyes, the way Ramage lives does ot match their ideas of a hierarchy everyone has to stick to. They want a clear separation of colonialists and the people who are colonialized. As Malcolm and Malcolm point out Pioneers, Oh, Pioneer, deals with the cultural clash between those two groups (1996 83). The white people outrank the black islanders. This is already got to know. The white women Mrs Menzies does not only feel like she is in a higher position, she actually really is, because she rides past the black people on her horse. Furthermore Malcolm and Malcolm emphasize that even the date emphasizes the clash.Peter Hulme sees in Jean Rhyss short story Pioneers, Oh Pioneers not only a foreshadowing of the life of the inexperienced settler, but a critique of simply the sorts of imperial road-building ambitions that were promoted by politicians and administrators such as Chamberlain and Hesketh Bell.

Mona Lisa Reflection Essay

To be honest I have never been oft terms of an contrivancesy kind of person. My major is narration and I just never ruling art as such a significant thing until now. The exposure I find myself most implicated in is the Mona Lisa. As it is in all likelihood the most valuable and most popular painting in straight offs modern time, I find it truly interesting that cipher really knows who the women is in the Mona Lisa and why paint it in the first office staff? I think the skeptics of the painting is what drives me to like it so much. I suppose you have this painting of what is supposed to be a women in Italy roughly the 18th century and you operate this nice glowing smile, but in the back ground it almost looks like Armageddon.I mean as far I know Leonardo Di Vinci wasnt a very dark or Dominic man. I mean this guy painted the illustrious last supper. If you look at this painting you would almost think of it as a man with female qualities. There have been skeptics saying t hat Da Vinci made a self-portrait of him as a women, but nobody knows. That eery feeling that nobody does know makes you think so much about it. Its this painting along with a couple others that Da Vinci did that got me interested in taking art archives especially around the time of the Renaissance.I figured since I am already a history major that maybe understanding why art has such an impact on todays society will help me see a more rounded view of certain topics in history like the Renaissance. Which was the time that Mona Lisa was painted and the time where culture is just comfortable and you have all these other great artists at the time. You know my biggest chief is who are these artists why are they painting such portraits and why does art have such an impact? By learning the reasoning female genitalia this maybe it will help me get a better hold on other things in history during this time.

Culturally Competent Nursing Care Essay

ethnically skilled Nursing C beThe United States is a diverse accumulation of pagan backgrounds which flush toilet often set the give birth up for feelings of confusion, anger, mistrust, and a host of some other emotions when dissimilar kitchen-gardenings disagree. ethnical competence in obtain can help eliminate these bars and leave al angiotensin converting enzyme a programme for nursing to follow in the quest to render a perseverings culture and background. When a nurse defends the time to learn roughly a give culture prior to providing reverence, it conveys she respects the pa joinnts right to their beliefs, customs, and culture. It does non necessarily mean the nurse agrees with their practices but it does essay that she is exiting to be open minded and deferential. It is the responsibility of the wellness c ar provider to take the time to educate themselves on the various cultures they may be exposed to in their reverse (Purnell & Paulanka, 2003). Evi dence of Culturally inexpert CareOne act from the case study that exhibited pagan incompetency was the racial slur made by Connie when she refer ruddy to her clients as This Mexican family. If she would cede taken the time to review the babys chart, she would bewilder cognise that the family identified with the term Latino, non Mexican. Connie made a statement round the number of family members in the room and she gave the impression that the family was invading her work aloofness unnecessarily. Connie identified that the family was speaking Spanish then stated she could not range them to at a lower placestand her. Her tone indicated that the family was at fault for the lack of communication regular though Connie did not bother to engage an congressman.Connie even went so turn uplying(prenominal) as to label the familys inability to understand her as noncompliance. She in addition proceeded to go almost her task of putting in and intravenous (IV) form without esta blishing autonomy and getting informed consent from the capture. Connies effect of discriminating the ragged, old red string false the babys articulatio radiocarpea without asking for permission first is proof of her ethnical insensitivity. galore(postnominal) cultures tie strings around various parts of the body to ward off evil, aidin healing, or as a symbol of faith. Connie knew she did just intimatelything wrongfulness be attempt she admitted that the mother screamed at her when she cut the string. However, she did not take the time to understand why the mother was upset. She appeared to be to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) c at a timerned with getting her nursing tasks done right away and with leaving for the day. Importance of Values, Beliefs, and PracticesThe berg exercise splits the nursing skill set into two parts technical and behavioral. The atomic number 82 of the iceberg represents what can be easily seen or the technical skills and cognition a s omeone has that allows them to answer their job. Examples of technical skills foundd by Connie were obtaining IV access and discerning the signs and symptoms of dehydration. These particular skills are considered visible to others so they correlate with the swiftness portion of the iceberg in the model. The lower part of the iceberg is under water or invisible and is indicative of the behavioral aspects of self that lay out who we are as a person. Understanding ones suffer values, beliefs and practices helps when trying to understand those same characteristics in a contrary culture. Nurses fill to understand how they view themselves and others before they can achieve pagan competence (Buffalo, 2001).The behavioral or lower portion of the iceberg is represented by social role, self-image, traits, and motives. The social role identifies with ones image. It refers to how people urgency others to see them and how others actually do see them. The social role is alpha because it can establish how health pull off passkeys pick up what skill sets are important in their job. Self image is how people see themselves and once they understand themselves they can decide whether or not change is postulate for personal growth. some other area on the hidden portion of the iceberg is traits or those characteristics and habits that determine how a person responds in a given situation. The furthermost area of the iceberg is motives. Motives are formed early in life and are the driving forces behind personal actions. The status of the areas depict in the lower part of the iceberg model also determine what characteristics are present on the visible portion of the model (Buffalo, 2001). Barriers to healthcareCommunication is going to keep on to be a huge barrier to healthcare forthis family. They live in Texas which is real rich in Spanish culture and the Spanish language is commonplace. wellness care workers are often bilingual so this family should not l ook at any(prenominal) trouble organism understood when they go in for care in their home state. The oecumenic population of Texas has been exposed to the Hispanic culture and can relate to the beliefs and practices that are followed. However, this family migrates to Northern Minnesota, an area that is mostly comprised of white, non-Hispanic, English speaking people of European descent. From a transcultural nursing standpoint, nurses from the Northern areas of Minnesota may not even know they are lacking because the degree of interaction with the Hispanic population in the healthcare setting is minimal.There will be language barriers, especially in the smaller, rural farming areas where the migrants tend to work. Many small rural hospitals do not occupy access to translating programs and it is common to pay back little to no cultural education provided to the employees. Unless there is a cultural change in this area of the country, communication will continue to be a problem. The disparity is one of population and geographic kettle of fish relative to the Hispanic culture in Northern Minnesota (U.S., 2010). Cultural Sensitivity InformationAdditional randomness that could have been added to the kardex was the preferred regularity of communication so the nurse would know right away if an phonation would be needed. Family demographics could have been put on there so the nurse had information regarding the cultural background. Notes could have been put on the kardex that identified the family kinetics so other nurses would understand why so many family members were present. The spiritual preferences would also be significant because that would give the nurse insight to the workable importance of certain charms, icons, or beliefs. Another item that could have been on the kardex was the history of the unhurried role from the perspective of the clinic nurse. She may have passed on more information to Connie but as flustered as Connie was, that informati on was more than likely minimized or forgotten because it was not written d receive. Connie lonesome(prenominal) gave the bare facts during report, then hurried out of the workplace, leaving Gina with more interrogatorys than answers. provisions of Culturally Competent CareGina recognized that she was lacking in cultural knowledge approximately this family and took the time to olfactory modality up some information prior to interacting with them. She was respectful of the role of the elders and addressed each person accordingly, gaining some measure of respect in doing so. This helped her establish a mutually real relationship with the family which in turn helped build trust. She also intervened and got an interpreter quite an than allowing one of the younger teenagers to interpret. Gina also took the time to find out what interventions the family had provided and did not belittle them for their actions. Gina went from conscious incompetence to conscious competence and will m ore than likely advance into unconscious competence with time (Purnell & Paulanka, 2003). Transcultural skill ModelThe Camphina-Bacote competence model identifies cultural competence as a process that a healthcare worker goes through to enable themselves to work in a manner that falls within the cultural circumstance of a client. The model has five seduces Awareness, skill, knowledge, encounters, and desire. The first construct of the model, sentiency, asks healthcare workers to question their own cultural consciousness by identifying biases and prejudices they may have toward other cultures. It is an attempt to help one understand just how sensitive they may or may not be toward other cultures. The second construct focuses on whether or not the healthcare worker has the inevitable skills to transmit a cultural assessment in a manner that will insure insightfulness. This is important for insuring that the assessment is properly done and that it contains information necessary t o others who may rely on it. Having the skills alone is not enough the person conducting the assessment also need to have knowledge of the culture.The assessor needs to research the culture to understand the worldview. There are many cover charge questionnaires available to use for the assessment if one does not care about personalization. However, understanding the culture is important before the hearing begins if the person conducting the interview wants to develop questions that are more in-depth and of a personal nature. The Camphina-Bacote model also recommends that the person conducting the cultural assessment determine what type of encounter they press to use for the interaction. almost examples of encounters complicate face-to-face meetings, attending group cultural activities, phone interviewing, or any other typeof communication method. Some people may be more comfortable filling out a questionnaire, others may want to meet in a relaxed, common environment and still o thers might want the professional atmosphere of an shoes setting. Whatever type of encounter is chosen, it is important that the comfort of the person organism interviewed is taken into consideration and a mutual setting is agreed upon. The last construct of the model is desire. If there is no desire on behalf of the professional to learn about cultural differences then the process of attempting to become culturally competent will fail. At the very best, the information gained will be inadequate and could cause more misunderstand and mistrust (Ingram, 2012). Ladder of Cultural CompetencyBased on the case study Gina was not being racists and was not blind to the patient and familys needs or their culture. Purnell and Paulanka (2003) severalise racism as a display of power in conspiracy with prejudice Gina did not exhibit either of these characteristics. She had a modest awareness and knowledge of the Hispanic culture and was sensitive to the familys needs. Gina does not have the l anguage proficiency yet so she would not be at the fifth step. Gina is on step four Competence. She demonstrated her ability to provide culturally competent care for this family. Even though she did not already have all of the necessary information to care for this churl, she knew where to go look for it and how to interpret it. She demonstrated that she valued the familys cultural differences by fetching the time to treat them with respect according to their beliefs. Utilization of an InterpreterGina knew that the patient and the family had a right to have an interpreter provided. She also knew that it would be taunting to allow a younger person to translate for an older person. In addition, the younger teenager who offered to translate stated she spoke very commodity English but indicated that she only attended summer school period in Minnesota. What the teenager considered levelheaded English more than likely would not have been adequate to translate medical examination te rminology. Gina made a very good decision when she brought in an interpreter. She also obtained a resource for herself because the interpreter could have had additional knowledge about the culture. TheStandards of Practice for Culturally Competent Nursing Care states that it is critical that the healthcare system provides resources for interpretation when fascinate (Douglas et al, 2009, p. 265). History of Present IllnessGina could have asked the mother or family what they mat the cause of the indis come in was. This would have given her insight as to whether the family believed the cause was physical or spiritual. If it was believed to be spiritual in nature, the family may have wanted to call in a Hispanic healer to perform a ceremony for the fry. She asked how many days the child had diarrhea and could have asked whether the childs diet had changed before her diarrhea started. She also could have asked if any other family members had experienced the same symptoms. Coming to M innesota may have precipitated a change in diet for the entire family with the mishap of contaminated food. Gina could have addressed the pathophysiology of the illness by asking whether or not the child had experienced any useable changes.The family did indicate the they brought the child to the clinic after she became listless. Getting a background on other functional changes may provide clues to other factors that might be making the illness worse. For example, was the child falling down, crying a lot before she became listless, et cetera. Another area to look at would be the course of the illness. Gina could have the mother describe how the illness started and give a timeline of signs, symptoms, and interventions up to the present time. This could include the treatments the family provided along with what the expected outcomes were.Gina could ask the family whether or not they felt any of the interventions were successful, even if it was only mild success. It would also give G ina information about the remedies used so she could research and pass the information on to the health care provider. Two of the treatments supplied by the family were actually not conducive to good health. The manzanilla tea can cause diarrhea and the family was giving it to the child as a treatment for diarrhea. agree to the CDC, greta is an orange powder used as a Hispanic remedy for stomach ailments. The powder contains concentrations of lead as high as 90% and contributes to lead poisoning (CDC, 2009). Getting the familys perception on the illness is very important to increasing ones awareness of how the family views the illness. Cultural Diversity Care PlansCultural rescuePractice Nursing diagnosing mark InterventionsGina provided care congruent with the culture via an interpreter. The family was unable to understand the plan of care for the child. Knowledge deficit colligate to language barriers. Patient will verbalize an understanding of the childs condition and the nee d for the current treatment plan via an interpreter. 1) Using an interpreter, rationalise the illness, causes, and treatment plan to the patients family.2) Have the primary care-giver demonstrate understanding by repeating back the plan of care and the say-so benefits. 3) Allow for questions and answers.Cultural AccommodationPractice Nursing Diagnosis Goal InterventionsGina attempted to put the family at ease by using an interpreter to find out what the family understands about the childs illness and the interventions that were tried in the home environment. She discovered that the red string was on the child for good luck and to keep her safe from spirits. Anxiety related to cultural lack of understanding of the illness and the treatment plan practices. Collaborate with the family to identify treatments that are culturally acceptable and that can be used in conjunction with western medicine to address the childs medical needs. 1) Allow a spiritual advisor to place new red string s on the child and support a ceremony if need be.2) Explain the need for an IV and make sure it does not split the familys beliefs.3) Praise family for their efforts thus far.Cultural RestructuringPractice Nursing Diagnosis Goal InterventionsGina found out the baby had been given manzanilla tea and greta. incomplete of these remedies is a good choice. The manzanilla tea is used for constipation and the baby had diarrhea. According to the CDC, greta is high in lead content and causes lead poisoning. Ineffective health maintenance related to lack of understanding. Educate patients family on the illness and potential harm of some folk remedies and identify disadvantageous remedies that the family needs to change. 1) Provide family with culturally appropriateeducational material in whatever configuration they require.2) Work with the family to develop a plan of action and identify alternatives to the harmful remedies.ReflectionProviding culturally competent care can be challenging at times and it requires nurses to be aware of their own limitations, strengths and beliefs. It was evident in the case study that Connie was not prepared to take on the task of developing her own cultural competence. Gina, however, showed good leaders ability and a willingness to learn about a culture different than her own in order to provide the best nursing care she could. Gina is the type of nurse that will continue to grow in her position and garner respect from her patients and co-workers. Her actions showed she was capable of doing what was in the best interest of the patient and family. Cultural competence does not just happen nurses have to make it happen.ReferencesBuffalo State, (2001). Technical and behavioral success factors. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from The State University of New York http//www.buffalostate.edu/offices/hr/pepds/sf/tb.asp. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2009). Folk medicine. Retrieved July 17, 2013, from the National Center for Environment al Health http//www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/folkmedicine.htm. Douglas, M., Pierce, J., Rosenkoetter, M., Callister, L., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., & Pacquiao, D. (2009). Standards of practice for culturally competent nursing care a request for comments. Journal Of Transcultural Nursing, 20(3), 257-269. Ingram, R. (2012). Using Campinha-Bacotes process of cultural competence model to examine the relationship between health literacy and cultural competence. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 68(3), 695-704. doi10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05822.x Purnell, L., & Paulanka, B. (2003). Transcultural health care A culturally competent approach. Philadelphia, PA F. A. Davis Company. Sitzman, K., & Eichelberger, L. (2004). Understanding the work of nurse theorists A creative beginning. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (2010). Disparities. In Healthy People 2020. Retrieved June26, 2013, from U.S. Department of Health and Human Serviceshtt p//www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/DisparitiesAbout.aspx. Walsh, S. (2004). Formulation of a plan of care for culturally diverse patients. outside(a) Journal Of Nursing Terminologies & Classifications, 15(1), 17-26.

Is It Fair to Criticise General Haig as a Donkey Who Led Lions

Is it fair to criticize common Haig as a donkey who led lions? Douglas Haig was a General during cosmea warfare One. There is much controversy over General Haigs study due to the high level of losses during his passage of armss in command. Many large number agree with David Lloyd Georges attitude of Haig and many other British Generals of World War One. They are said to be donkeys, incompetents who sent the lions (the soldier) into futile damn battles. Many popular books, films and television programs to a fault agree with David Lloyd George.The sad truth, however, was amid two evenly matched opp wizardnts, that there was no other way of resolving the conflict. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that that Douglas Haig was a poor General, or a donkey. The evidence is that General Haig, along with many other Generals, were employ to handling sm exclusively-scale forces in colonial warfare. They had a lot to determine about this type of warfare, for which they were very offhanded. Furthermore, communications were poor, and armies were too big and dot to be commanded by a General himself.Haig should have, however, made sure that all his soldiers knew what the plan was before they set off, and Haig should have planned how he was leaving to communicate with them. Moreover, if the infantry and artillery did manage to hit the enemy Haig lacked a fast moving force to use the situation effectively. Additionally, General Haigs 1914 tactics had yet to catch up with the range and effectiveness of in advance(p) artillery and the latest machine guns. Likewise, Haig learnt the wrong lesson from previous flack catchers, instead of endure with short judgment of convictions of extreme amounts of fire.Haig used heavier guns and longer bombardments that just churned up the ground and eliminated the element of surprise. Haig was not able to pay information passed on to him, a great example of this was when it was suggested that much of the barbed wire on the Somme was not cut, he admitted that himself, but he still go on with the attack. some other example of this was during Aube Ridge, when he also knew the wire was not cut in 1915, but he insisted the attack should continue and 1,000 men lost their lives for no gain.Not to mention, Haigs ordering of successive attacks on the Somme during October and November 1916, with the ground reduced to a boggy area that gave way underfoot, achieved nothing but a adulteration of morale and manpower. In 1917 other Generals were telling Haig that it was pointless to continue. No matter, Haig continued to hammer away for a further three months. Haig consistently told his soldiers that German morale and manpower were on the verge of collapse and that just one more push could break the enemy.To Haigs defense it can be said that his multitude played a main part in defeating the German forces in the crucial battles of 1918. Furthermore, the Somme and Passchendaele, which are battles that have been kn own as unnecessary murder of British troops, had sensible strategy, not least in the amount of damage they inflicted on the Germans. Moreover, Haig was not given a schoolmaster force he was given a citizen army, which had less training and readiness for the battles. Additionally, the French tended to decide what to do during the battles, even though Haig was an independent commander.Besides, Germany had been operative on placing high tech weapons onto the battlefield (quick-firing artillery and machine guns) and also low-tech defenses (trenches and barbed wire), which made Haigs job considerably harder. At the battle of Loos, Sir John French wanted personal control of militia. He thus didnt allow Haig (commander on the spot) to have them until it was too late, and the attack consequently failed causing thousands of casualties. Not to mention, at the battle of Neuve Chappelle, poor communications hampered the ability of Haig and the British Commander Sir John French, to send in reserves where they were needed.Also, when General Haig wanted to attack in Flanders, around Ypres, where the British army was closer to supplies and also to strategic targets just behind the Germans lines (coastal ports and coal mines). However, for the sake of unity in the alliance with France, the politicians at the time decided that the attack must come on the River Somme simply because this was where the British and French armies met in the trench line. The blame for the slaughter cannot, therefore, be primed(p) entirely on Douglas Haig himself, simply because it was not his plan to attack on the River Somme.In addition, the German commanders would be fighting on ground they knew well, they also had the proceeds of telephone cable which was deeply buried and therefore harder to cut. The German generals would therefore be able receive information far more readily than their British counterparts. In conclusion, I think it is fair to criticize General Haig as a donkey who led l ions. This is justifiable because Haig was often unprepared for the battle where he was responsible for thousands of men.Communication was a big problem for Haig he did not insure that his soldiers were able to communicate messages during battle, which meant that soldiers were left confused, not fellow feeling what there next plan of action was. Furthermore, General Haigs had not been able to catch up with modern artillery and machine guns, which meant his battle tactics were often old fashioned and ineffective. Moreover, Haig was not able to accept intelligence that was passed on to him which meant he made drastic decisions, which would lead trustful men to their deaths.